{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:13:17Z","timestamp":1787922797427,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health & Human Development"},{"name":"NIDA"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000118","name":"OBSSR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000118","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"U.S. PHS","award":["P30 DA023920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DA023920"]}]},{"name":"U.S. PHS","award":["R01 DA020585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA020585"]}]},{"name":"U.S. PHS","award":["R01 MH092118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH092118"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000279","name":"Nuffield Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) report more negative family relationships than families of children without ADHD. Questions remain as to the role of genetic factors underlying associations between family relationships and children's ADHD symptoms, and the role of children's ADHD symptoms as an evocative influence on the quality of relationships experienced within such families. Utilizing the attributes of two genetically sensitive research designs, the present study examined associations between biologically related and nonbiologically related maternal ADHD symptoms, parenting practices, child impulsivity\/activation, and child ADHD symptoms. The combined attributes of the study designs permit assessment of associations while controlling for passive genotype\u2010environment correlation and directly examining evocative genotype\u2010environment correlation (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                        GE\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ); two relatively under examined confounds of past research in this area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional adoption\u2010at\u2010conception design (Cardiff\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      Study;\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C\u2010IVF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and a longitudinal adoption\u2010at\u2010birth design (Early Growth and Development Study;\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGDS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) were used. The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C\u2010IVF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      sample included 160 mothers and children (age 5\u20138\u00a0years). The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGDS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      sample included 320 linked sets of adopted children (age 6\u00a0years), adoptive\u2010, and biologically related mothers. Questionnaires were used to assess maternal\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms, parenting practices, child impulsivity\/activation, and child\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms. A cross\u2010rater approach was used across measures of maternal behavior (mother reports) and child\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms (father reports).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant associations were revealed between rearing mother ADHD symptoms, hostile parenting behavior, and child ADHD symptoms in both samples. Because both samples consisted of genetically unrelated mothers and children, passive\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                        GE\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was removed as a possible explanatory factor underlying these associations. Further, path analysis revealed evidence for evocative\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                        GE\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      processes in the longitudinal adoption\u2010at\u2010birth study (EGDS) from biologically related maternal ADHD symptoms to biologically unrelated maternal hostile parenting through early disrupted child behavior (impulsivity\/activation), with maternal hostile parenting and disrupted child behavior associated with later child ADHD symptoms, controlling for concurrent adoptive mother ADHD symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results highlight the importance of genetically influenced child\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010related temperamental attributes on genetically unrelated maternal hostility that in turn links to later child\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms. Implications for intervention programs focusing on early family processes and the precursors of child\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms are discussed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T10:19:03Z","timestamp":1378376343000},"page":"1038-1046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["Biological and rearing mother influences on child\n                    <scp>ADHD<\/scp>\n                    symptoms: revisiting the developmental interface between nature and nurture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Gordon T.","family":"Harold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sussex Sussex UK"},{"name":"University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Leve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oregon and Oregon Social Learning Center Eugene USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kit","family":"Elam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leicester Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenae M.","family":"Neiderhiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misaki N.","family":"Natsuaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Riverside CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Thapar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0998-66"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019116","article-title":"Are there shared environmental influences on attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder? 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