{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T14:49:31Z","timestamp":1792421371837,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,14]],"date-time":"2013-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Maternal distress during pregnancy has been linked to aggressive behavior in offspring. This effect has been interpreted in terms of \u2018fetal programming\u2019. The 7\u2010repeat (7r) allele of a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      polymorphism in exon\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      of the human dopamine receptor D4 (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4) has consistently been associated with externalizing behavior problems, especially in the presence of adverse environmental factors. So far, it is not known whether the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4 genotype moderates the effect of prenatal maternal stress on the development of childhood antisocial behavior.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As part of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study, prenatal maternal stress was assessed using self\u2010report 3\u00a0months following child birth. When children were 8, 11, and 15\u00a0years old, mothers rated their children's externalizing behavior, and diagnoses of conduct disorder and\/or oppositional defiant disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) according to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were obtained. In a sample of\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0308 participants, the effects of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4 genotype, prenatal maternal stress, and the interaction thereof on antisocial outcome were tested.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Under conditions of elevated prenatal maternal stress, children carrying one or two\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4 7r alleles were at increased risk of a diagnosis of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Moreover, homozygous carriers of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4 7r allele displayed more externalizing behavior following exposure to higher levels of prenatal maternal stress, while homozygous carriers of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4 4r allele turned out to be insensitive to the effects of prenatal stress.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study is the first to report a gene\u2013environment interaction related to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4 and prenatal maternal stress using data from a prospective study, which extends earlier findings on the impact of prenatal maternal stress with respect to childhood antisocial behavior.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T12:49:02Z","timestamp":1381236542000},"page":"69-76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Mothers' prenatal stress and their children's antisocial outcomes \u2013 a moderating role for the Dopamine D4 Receptor (\n                    <scp>DRD<\/scp>\n                    4) gene"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Katrin","family":"Zohsel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim\/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlette F.","family":"Buchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim\/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Blomeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim\/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Hohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim\/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim\/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Esser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Brandeis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim\/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Banaschewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim\/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Laucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim\/Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4\u201018 and 1991 Profile","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000635"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.1.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08121770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Child and adolescent psychiatry. Modern approaches","author":"Cox A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20278"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Kiddie\u2010SADS\u2010Present and Lifetime version (K.SADS\u2010Pl) 3. Auflage der deutschen Forschungsversion","author":"Delmo C.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Mannheim Parent Interview \u2010 Structured interview for child psychiatric disorders","author":"Esser G.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"K\u00f6rperliche Beschwerden und deren Einfluss auf die Erfassung depressiver St\u00f6rungen bei j\u00fcngeren und \u00e4lteren Mernschen","volume":"4","author":"Gauggel S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Gerontopsychologie und \u2013 psychiatrie"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0694-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Maternal Stress during Pregnancy, ADHD Symptomatology in Children and Genotype: Gene\u2010Environment Interaction","volume":"21","author":"Grizenko N.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0290-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200010000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00208.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.6.767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00019-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407000594"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.6.502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709005911"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Ecological factors in human development","author":"Rutter M.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407000521"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04129.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","volume-title":"Die Beschwerden\u2010Liste [The Contentment Scale]","author":"Zerssen D.","year":"1976"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12138","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpp.12138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:37:23Z","timestamp":1762191443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcpp.12138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcpp.12138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12138","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,14]]}}}