{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:59:05Z","timestamp":1792789145714,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,10]],"date-time":"2013-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Programme","award":["082036\/B\/07\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["082036\/B\/07\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comorbidity among developmental disorders such as dyslexia, language impairment, attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder is common. This study explores comorbid weaknesses in preschool children at family risk of dyslexia with and without language impairment and considers the role that comorbidity plays in determining children's outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The preschool attention, executive function and motor skills of 112 children at family risk for dyslexia, 29 of whom also met criteria for language impairment, were assessed at ages 3\u00bd and 4\u00bd years. The performance of these children was compared to the performance of children with language impairment and typically developing controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Weaknesses in attention, executive function and motor skills were associated with language impairment rather than family risk status. Individual differences in language and executive function are strongly related during the preschool period, and preschool motor skills predicted unique variance (4%) in early reading skills over and above children's language ability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comorbidity between developmental disorders can be observed in the preschool years: children with language impairment have significant and persistent weaknesses in motor skills and executive function compared to those without language impairment. Children's early language and motor skills are predictors of children's later reading skills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T22:38:19Z","timestamp":1381531099000},"page":"237-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Comorbidities in preschool children at family risk of dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Debbie","family":"Gooch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Royal Holloway University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Hulme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Language Science University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Language Science University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret J.","family":"Snowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2011\/10-0245)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Attention and executive function in Williams syndrome and Down's syndrome","author":"Breckenridge K.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1630"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.57.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040701756917"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Movement assessment battery for children","author":"Henderson S.E.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820010019874"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Developmental disorders of language learning and cognition","author":"Hulme C.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"York assessment of reading for comprehension: Early reading","author":"Hulme C.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199907000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(98)00010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479800200403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00196.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108705470100500203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00674"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"Working memory test battery for children (WMTB\u2010C)","author":"Pickering S.J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01783.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200007000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Inhibitory self\u2010control in preschool children","volume":"30","author":"Reed M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Merrill\u2010Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"Rice\/Wexler test of early grammatical impairment","author":"Rice M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1568-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1990.tb03562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume-title":"The early repetition battery","author":"Seeff\u2010Gabriel B.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","volume-title":"Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals \u2013 fourth edition UK (CELF\u20104UK)","author":"Semel E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1432"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.7402003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","unstructured":"Swanson J.M. 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