{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:01:11Z","timestamp":1789704071470,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]],"date-time":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000380","name":"Guy's and St Thomas' Charity","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We previously hypothesised that the early development of psychopathy is associated with a failure to attend to the eyes of attachment figures, and we have presented preliminary data from a parent\u2013child \u2018love\u2019 scenario in support of this. Here, we confirm the association in a larger sample and test mechanisms of impaired eye contact during expressions of love in control and behaviourally disturbed children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oppositional defiant disorder children, assessed for callous\u2010unemotional (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) traits, and controls, were observed in a brief interaction task where the mother was asked to show love to her child. Eye contact and affection were measured for each dyad.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As predicted, there were no group differences in affection and eye contact expressed by mothers; levels of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits predicted low levels of eye contact towards their mothers across all groups of children. As expected, low eye contact was correlated with psychopathic fearlessness in their fathers, and maternal reports of negative feelings towards the child. Independent observations showed that child's behaviour largely drives the low eye contact associated with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits, and low eye contact was not associated with independent observations of the quality of attachment\u2010related behaviours in mothers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Impaired eye contact is a unique characteristic of children with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits; these impairments are largely independent of maternal behaviour, but associated with psychopathic traits in the fathers. These impairments should be tested for functional significance and amenability to change in longitudinal and treatment studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1381530068000},"page":"771-780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Callous\u2010unemotional traits in children and mechanisms of impaired eye contact during expressions of love: a treatment target?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Dadds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Education University of London London 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