{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:31:38Z","timestamp":1781065898819,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]],"date-time":"2014-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009560","name":"University Hospital Giessen and Marburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Be2573\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Be2573\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n From current theories on the etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), it can be inferred that delay aversion (\n DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and deficits in inhibitory control (\n IC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) constitute basic deficits or endophenotypes of the disorder that already occur in the preschool period. This implies an occurrence of the characteristics in unaffected preschoolers with a positive family history of\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Thus, it is hypothesized that preschoolers who are not affected by\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n but who have first\u2010degree relatives who suffer, or have suffered, from\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n show deficits in\n IC<\/jats:styled-content>\n and heightened\n DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n in comparison to preschoolers from the general population.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty unaffected preschoolers with a positive family history of\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n were compared with 30 control children matched with respect to age in months, gender, intelligence, and maternal education level. The groups also did not differ in terms of maternal depressive symptoms and the number of psychosocial family risks. A set of age\u2010appropriate neuropsychological tasks on executive\n IC<\/jats:styled-content>\n (e.g. Puppet Says, Day\u2010Night, relying on Go\u2010NoGo and interference paradigms) and\n DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n (e.g. Snack Delay, Gift Wrap, relying on delay of gratification paradigm) was conducted.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Unaffected preschoolers showed significantly higher\n DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n than control children (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n (29)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22122.57,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a0.008). The result did not change when subclinical\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n symptoms and symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder were controlled for (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1,29)<\/jats:sub>\n \u00a0=\u00a05.21,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a0.031). Differences in\n IC<\/jats:styled-content>\n did not reach statistical significance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The results are compatible with the assumption that\n DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n constitutes a familial vulnerability marker that can be validly assessed in the preschool period. As this is the first study to address this issue in preschoolers, more research is needed to confirm and further analyze the significance of\n DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n assessments specifically at this developmental stage.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]],"date-time":"2014-03-27T03:16:41Z","timestamp":1395890201000},"page":"1117-1124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Inhibitory control and delay aversion in unaffected preschoolers with a positive family history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Ursula","family":"Pauli\u2010Pott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Philipps\u2010University of Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Roller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Philipps\u2010University of Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Heinzel\u2010Gutenbrunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Philipps\u2010University of Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Mingebach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Philipps\u2010University of Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Dalir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Philipps\u2010University of Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Philipps\u2010University of Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.5.721"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02596.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9214-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/NP.2004.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Preschool\u2010parent account of child symptoms (pre\u2010pacs)","author":"Daley D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"BUEVA. 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