{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:12:10Z","timestamp":1788869530089,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,9]],"date-time":"2014-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HD034216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD034216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HD43464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD43464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HD42372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD42372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HD40607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD40607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HD40636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD40636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TW006703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TW006703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Children's of Alabama Centennial Scholar Fund"},{"name":"Perinatal Health and Human Development Research Program"},{"name":"Children's of Alabama Centennial Scholar Fund of the University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Previous research has indicated positive effects of early developmental intervention (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) on the development of children in developing countries. Few studies, however, have examined longitudinally when differential treatment effects may be observed and whether differential outcomes are associated with exposure to different risk factors and country of implementation. Also, birth asphyxia as a risk condition has not been well studied. To address these limitations, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to test the hypothesis that there will be differential developmental trajectories favoring those who receive\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      versus a health education intervention in children in rural areas of India, Pakistan, and Zambia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with and without birth asphyxia were randomized to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      or control intervention, which was implemented by parents who received training in biweekly home visits initiated before child age 1\u00a0month and continuing until 36\u00a0months. Development was assessed in 376 children at ages 12, 24, and 36\u00a0months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Ages &amp; Stages Questionnaire administered by evaluators blind to intervention assignment and risk condition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Longitudinal mixed model analysis indicated that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      resulted in better development over 36\u00a0months in cognitive abilities, regardless of risk condition, maternal resources, child gender, or country. Psychomotor development and parent\u2010reported general development showed similar trends as for cognitive abilities, but were not statistically different between intervention conditions. Developmental differences were observed first at 36\u00a0months of age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Early developmental intervention has promise for improving development in children across developing countries when exposed to various risk conditions.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      should be one prominent approach used to begin to address long\u2010term outcomes and intergenerational transmission of poverty.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,9]],"date-time":"2014-05-09T05:12:47Z","timestamp":1399612367000},"page":"1251-1259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Development of children at risk for adverse outcomes participating in early intervention in developing countries: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Jan L.","family":"Wallander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Merced CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla M.","family":"Bann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Triangle Institute International Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred J.","family":"Biasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivaprasad S.","family":"Goudar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KLE University's J N Medical College Belgaum India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omrana","family":"Pasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Kahn University Medical College Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elwyn","family":"Chomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Triangle Institute International Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar A.","family":"Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"875","article-title":"Early intervention improves intellectual development in asphyxiated newborn infants. 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