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In order to guide clinical practice, we review the efficacy and safety profile of mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and other pharmacological strategies for the long\u2010term treatment of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in pediatric patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , Cochrane and PsycInfo search (inception through November 2013) was performed to identify prospective studies longer than 12\u00a0weeks assessing the use of pharmacological strategies for the long\u2010term treatment of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in pediatric patients (0\u201318\u00a0years of age).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four randomized controlled trials (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) [three placebo\u2010controlled (assessing aripiprazole (2) and flax oil), and one head\u2010to\u2010head comparison of lithium vs. divalproex], and thirteen noncontrolled studies (six open\u2010label studies assessing lithium or anticonvulsants, five assessing second\u2010generation antipsychotics (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) and four assessing combination strategies) were included in the review. Aripiprazole has shown efficacy for relapse prevention in children with pediatric bipolar disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) 4\u20139\u00a0years of age in one placebo\u2010controlled\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Positive results have been reported in noncontrolled studies with quetiapine and lithium for relapse prevention, as well as with lithium, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and the combination of risperidone and divalproex or lithium for long\u2010term symptom reduction in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The most frequently reported adverse events in children and adolescents treated with lithium and anticonvulsants are gastrointestinal and neurological, whereas use of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s is mainly related to weight gain and sedation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the limited empirical evidence, aripiprazole can be useful for relapse prevention in children with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Given the lack of consistent efficacy data, clinical decision making should be based on individual clinical aspects and safety concerns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,6]],"date-time":"2014-06-06T05:23:05Z","timestamp":1402032185000},"page":"959-980","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Practitioner Review: Long\u2010term pharmacological treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Covadonga M.","family":"D\u00edaz\u2010Caneja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n CIBERSAM IiSGM School of Medicine Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent 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