{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:43:10Z","timestamp":1774690990012,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH62368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH62368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH55557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH55557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Conduct Disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is a markedly heterogeneous psychiatric condition. Moffitt (1993) proposed that subclassification of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      should be according to age of onset. Our goals were to compare childhood\u2010onset and adolescent\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in terms of differences in phenotypic risk factors, genetic analyses, and factors associated with the persistence of antisocial behavior into young adulthood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The data are from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VTSABD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and Young Adult Follow\u2010Up (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">YAFU<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). Childhood\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was defined as\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      beginning at or before age 11. Adolescent\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was defined as having\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      onset between ages 14 and 17. These subgroups were compared on\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , young adult antisocial behavior (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), family dysfunction, and parental depression. Genetic analyses compare childhood\u2010onset and adolescent\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , as well as their cooccurrence with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Finally, predictors of persistence were examined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Childhood\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was significantly associated with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , family dysfunction, and parental depression. Adolescent\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was marginally associated with parental depression (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.05) but not with any of the other risk factors. Univariate genetic models showed that both childhood\u2010onset and adolescent\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      involve a large genetic liability accounting for 62% and 65% of the variance, respectively. A common genetic factor (as well as an\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010specific factor) accounted for the cooccurrence of childhood\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The cooccurrence of childhood\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      are reflected by a common genetic factor with genetic specific effects on\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . There was no etiological link between adolescent\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and either\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      or\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Both\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and family dysfunction were significantly associated with the persistence of antisocial behavior into young adulthood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phenotypic findings differentiated between childhood\u2010onset and adolescent\u2010onset\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and family dysfunction predicted persistence of antisocial behavior into young adulthood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T01:53:16Z","timestamp":1414720396000},"page":"826-833","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Age of onset and the subclassification of conduct\/dissocial disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Judy","family":"Silberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashlee A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003498X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition DSM\u20105","author":"APA","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"The juvenile sex offender","author":"Barbaree H.E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08121770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199612000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Conners' rate sales: Revised technical manual","author":"Conners C.K.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01614.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/40.3.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.342"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01097.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.2.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Measuring delinquency","author":"Hindelang M.J.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830060031004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199543533.001.0001","volume-title":"The neurobiological basis of violence: Science and rehabilitation","author":"Hodgins S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000135622.05219.bf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(05)55003-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511490057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency","author":"Moffitt T.E.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"570","volume-title":"Developmental psychopathology, 2nd edn, Vol. 3. 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