{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:08:16Z","timestamp":1791266896656,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]],"date-time":"2015-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT082036MA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT082036MA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Causal theories of dyslexia suggest that it is a heritable disorder, which is the outcome of multiple risk factors. However, whether early screening for dyslexia is viable is not yet known.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study followed children at high risk of dyslexia from preschool through the early primary years assessing them from age 3 years and 6 months (T1) at approximately annual intervals on tasks tapping cognitive, language, and executive\u2010motor skills. The children were recruited to three groups: children at family risk of dyslexia, children with concerns regarding speech, and language development at 3;06\u00a0years and controls considered to be typically developing. At 8\u00a0years, children were classified as \u2018dyslexic\u2019 or not. Logistic regression models were used to predict the individual risk of dyslexia and to investigate how risk factors accumulate to predict poor literacy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Family\u2010risk status was a stronger predictor of dyslexia at 8\u00a0years than low language in preschool. Additional predictors in the preschool years include letter knowledge, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, and executive skills. At the time of school entry, language skills become significant predictors, and motor skills add a small but significant increase to the prediction probability. We present classification accuracy using different probability cutoffs for logistic regression models and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      curves to highlight the accumulation of risk factors at the individual level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors and children with language difficulties at school entry are at high risk. Family history of dyslexia is a predictor of literacy outcome from the preschool years. However, screening does not reach an acceptable clinical level until close to school entry when letter knowledge, phonological awareness, and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , rather than family risk, together provide good sensitivity and specificity as a screening battery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]],"date-time":"2015-04-02T17:56:33Z","timestamp":1427997393000},"page":"976-987","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Developmental dyslexia: predicting individual risk"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Hulme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Gooch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Holloway London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Hayiou\u2010Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret J.","family":"Snowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic & statistical manual (DSM\u20105)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Bishop D.V.(2003).Test for reception of grammar: TROG\u20102 version 2. Pearson Assessment."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5202.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Breckenridge K.(2008).Attention and executive function in Williams syndrome and Down's syndrome. Paper presented at the Development of Executive Functions Workshop The University of Oxford UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Receptive one\u2010word picture vocabulary test","author":"Brownell R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040701756917"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2007.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611434536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.5.913"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2001\/004)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Single word reading test 6\u201016","author":"Foster H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Hamilton L.(2013).The Role of the Home Literacy Environment in the Early Literacy Development of Children at Family\u2010risk of Dyslexia(Doctoral dissertation University of York). Available from:http:\/\/etheses.whiterose.ac.uk\/4823\/1\/Lorna%20Hamilton%20PhD%20Thesis.pdf[last accessed 10 March 2015]"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"Movement assessment battery for children","author":"Henderson S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02430.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2009.00291.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479800200403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.41.2.428"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Working memory test battery for children (WMTB\u2010C)","author":"Pickering S.J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01763.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Inhibitory self\u2010control in preschool children","volume":"30","author":"Reed M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Merrill\u2010Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"Rose J.(2009).Identifying and teaching children and young people with dyslexia and literacy difficulties. Available from:http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20091004042342\/http:\/\/www.dcsf.gov.uk\/jimroseanddyslexia\/[last accessed 1 March 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","volume-title":"The early repetition battery","author":"Seeff\u2010Gabriel B.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.7402003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.2010.02014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02495.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"Snowling M.J. &Melby\u2010Lervag M.(unpublished data).Oral language deficits in familial dyslexia: Reframing the phonological deficit hypothesis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.6.934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410369096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","volume-title":"Wechsler preschool & primary scale of intelligence \u2013 Third UK edition (WPPSI\u2010IIIUK)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals \u2013 preschool second","author":"Wiig E.H.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpp.12412","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jcpp.12412","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpp.12412","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T19:16:29Z","timestamp":1762197389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcpp.12412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcpp.12412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12412","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]}}}