{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:36:28Z","timestamp":1793144188726,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]],"date-time":"2015-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["# R01MH68286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# R01MH68286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hyperactive\/Inattentive preschool children show clear evidence of neuropsychological dysfunction. We examined whether patterns and severity of test scores could reliably identify subgroups of preschoolers with differential risk for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      during school\u2010age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Typically developing (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a076) and Hyperactive\/Inattentive (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0138) 3\u20134\u00a0year olds were assessed annually for 6\u00a0years (T1\u2013T6). Latent profile analysis (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) was used to form subgroups among the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      group based on objective\/neuropsychological measures (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NEPSY<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , Actigraph and Continuous Performance Test). Logistic regression assessed the predictive validity of empirically formed subgroups at risk for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      diagnosis relative to the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      group and to each other from T2 to T6.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Latent profile analysis yielded two subgroups of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      preschoolers: (a) selectively weak Attention\/Executive functions, and (b) pervasive neuropsychological dysfunction across all measures. Both subgroups were more likely to have\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      at all follow\u2010up time\u2010points relative to the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      group (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      range: 11.29\u201386.32), but there were no significant differences between the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010formed subgroups of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      children at any time\u2010point.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Objective\/neuropsychological measures distinguish\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      preschoolers from their\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      peers, but patterns and severity of neuropsychological dysfunction do not predict risk for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      during school\u2010age. We hypothesize that trajectories in at\u2010risk children are influenced by subsequent environmental and neurodevelopmental factors, raising the possibility that they are amenable to early intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]],"date-time":"2015-06-06T02:34:35Z","timestamp":1433558075000},"page":"958-965","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Latent profile analysis of neuropsychological measures to determine preschoolers' risk for\n                    <scp>ADHD<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Khushmand","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department Queens College City University of New York Flushing NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department City College and the Graduate Center City University of New York New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Study Center Langone Medical Center New York University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Halperin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department Queens College and the Graduate Center City University of New York Flushing NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.4.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.00417.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1986.tb00635.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070880"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002547"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0540"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"ADHD rating scale IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation","author":"DuPaul G.J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.18.3.543"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"NIH toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function","volume":"80","author":"Gershon R.C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.08.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0123-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.4.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.886253"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"The schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school\u2010age children present and lifetime version (version 1.0)","author":"Kaufman J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R.B.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"NEPSY: A developmental neuropsychological assessment","author":"Korkman M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"NEPSY\u2010II: Clinical and interpretive scoring manual","author":"Korkman M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.8.896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199709000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649709540671"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.4.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9610-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"Mplus version 4 user's guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L.K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/270978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2801_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12101360"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649209540517"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707741104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036585"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9942-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2103_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000087564.34977.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","volume-title":"The wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12434","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpp.12434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T19:16:17Z","timestamp":1762197377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcpp.12434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcpp.12434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12434","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]]}}}