{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:26:16Z","timestamp":1783383976947,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,13]],"date-time":"2015-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP-PG-0108-10061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-0108-10061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Preschool hyperactivity is an early risk factor for adult mental health problems and criminality. Little is known about; (a) the patterns of long\u2010term service costs associated with this behavioural marker in the general population and (b) the specific factors predicting hyperactivity\u2010related costs. We undertook a prospective study investigating associations between preschool hyperactivity and\n                      <jats:italic>average individual annual service costs<\/jats:italic>\n                      up to late adolescent and young adulthood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One\u2010hundred and seventy individuals rated as hyperactive by their parents and 88 nonhyperactive controls were identified from a community sample of 4,215 three years olds. Baseline information about behaviour\/emotional problems and background characteristics were collected. At follow\u2010up (when individuals were aged between 14 and 25\u00a0years) information was obtained on service use, and associated costs since the age of three. Based on this information we calculated the average cost per annum incurred by each individual.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to controls, preschoolers with hyperactivity had 17.6 times higher average costs per annum across domains (apart from nonmental health costs). These were \u00a3562 for each hyperactive individual compared with \u00a330 for controls. Average annual costs decreased as a function of age, with higher costs incurred at younger ages. The effects of hyperactivity remained significant when other baseline factors were added to the model. Effects were fully mediated by later psychiatric morbidity. When the hyperactive group were examined separately, costs were consistently predicted by male gender and, for some cost codes, by conduct problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preventative approaches targeting early hyperactivity may be of value. Services should be targeted towards high\u2010risk individuals with careful consideration given to the cost\u2010to\u2010benefit trade\u2010off of early intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,13]],"date-time":"2015-06-13T02:45:04Z","timestamp":1434163504000},"page":"966-975","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Preschool hyperactivity is associated with long\u2010term economic burden: evidence from a longitudinal health economic analysis of costs incurred across childhood, adolescence and young adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Chorozoglou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southampton Health Technology Assessment Centre (SHTAC) Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bath Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Koerting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Brain\u2010Behaviour Laboratory Department of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret J.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Brain\u2010Behaviour Laboratory Department of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapil","family":"Sayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology School of Medicine University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"},{"name":"CANDAL (Centre for ADHD and Neuro\u2010Developmental Disorders Across the Lifespan) Institute of Mental Health Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund J.S.","family":"Sonuga\u2010Barke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Brain\u2010Behaviour Laboratory Department of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0549-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/1355819042250249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.190.5.s75"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Measuring mental health needs","author":"Beecham J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12216"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Measuring mental health needs","author":"Beecham J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"British National Formulary(2013).BNF for Children.UK:Paediatric Formulary Committee. 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