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Effect sizes (Hedges'\n g<\/jats:italic>\n , standardized mean difference) were calculated. Random effects meta\u2010analytic models were performed using the\n metafor<\/jats:italic>\n package for R.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty\u2010one studies met inclusion criteria (\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 2,115;\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 453; controls\n N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 1,990). Children with\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n showed the strongest and most consistent deficits in planning, fluency, and set\u2010shifting compared to controls (Hedges'\n g\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n \u22120.94, \u22120.78) and children with\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (Hedges'\n g\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n \u22120.72, \u22120.32).\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n was associated with moderate to large impairments in working memory, compared to controls (Hedges'\n g\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010.84, \u2010.58) and small impairments relative to groups with\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (Hedges'\n g\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010.26). Smaller and less consistent deficits were found on measures of inhibition and vigilance relative to controls (Hedges'\n g\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n \u22120.52, \u22120.31);\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n were not differentiated on these measures. Moderator analyses indicated executive dysfunction was associated with older age, dysmorphy, and larger group differences in\n IQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Sex and diagnostic system were not consistently related to effect size.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n While\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n is associated with global executive impairments, executive function weaknesses are most consistent for measures of planning, fluency, and set\u2010shifting. Neuropsychological measures assessing these executive function domains may improve differential diagnosis and treatment of\n FASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,6]],"date-time":"2015-08-06T15:54:40Z","timestamp":1438876480000},"page":"116-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Research Review: Executive function deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder \u2013 a meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Danielle","family":"Kingdon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University Montreal QC 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