{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:48:22Z","timestamp":1791146902004,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In adolescent offenders, oppositional defiant disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and its dimensions\/subtypes have been frequently ignored due to the stronger focus on criminal behaviours. The revised criteria of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20105 now allow diagnosing\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in older youths independent of conduct disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). This study aimed at analysing\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      dimensions\/subtypes and their relation to suicidality, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and criminal behaviours after release from detention in a sample of detained male adolescents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Suicidality and psychiatric disorders (including\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms) were assessed in a consecutive sample of 158 male adolescents (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a016.89\u00a0years) from the Zurich Juvenile Detention Centre. Based on previous research findings, an irritable\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      dimension and a defiant\/vindictive\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      dimension based on\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms were defined. Latent Class Analysis (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) was used to identify distinct subtypes of adolescent offenders according to their\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptom profiles. Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to analyse the relations of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      dimensions\/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      subtypes to comorbid psychopathology and criminal reoffenses from official data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010irritable dimension, but not the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      defiant\/vindictive dimension predicted comorbid anxiety, suicidality and violent reoffending.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LCA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      identified four subtypes, namely, a no\u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      subtype, a severe\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      subtype and two moderate\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      subtypes with either defiant or irritable symptoms. The irritable\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      subtype and the severe\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      subtype were related to suicidality and comorbid affective\/anxiety disorders. The irritable\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      subtype was the strongest predictor of criminal (violent) reoffending even when controlling for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present findings confirm the presence of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      dimensions\/subtypes in a highly disturbed adolescent offender sample. Irritable youths were at risk of suicide and persistent criminal behaviours. Due to the severe consequences of irritability, a standardized assessment approach and a specific treatment is needed in prison to prevent suicide among the detainees and further harm to the society. As defined in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20105, the present findings confirm the validity of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ODD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      dimensions\/subtypes as a diagnostic category among older youths.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T14:45:55Z","timestamp":1445611555000},"page":"729-736","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Oppositional defiant disorder dimensions and subtypes among detained male adolescent offenders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"Aebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Child and Youth Forensic Service University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Child and Youth Forensic Service University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Bessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Child and Youth Forensic Service University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Christoph","family":"Steinhausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Research Unit for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology Department of Psychology University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Walitza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Plattner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000590"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2013.862293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02598.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-201005000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105600108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"Fox J. 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