{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:59:02Z","timestamp":1791295142674,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010MH084934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010MH084934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Deficient empathic processing is thought to foster conduct disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). It is important to determine the extent to which neural response associated with perceiving harm to others predicts\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms and callous disregard for others.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 107 9\u2010 to 11\u2010year\u2010old children (52 female) were recruited from pediatric and mental health clinics, representing a wide range of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms. Children were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing brief video clips of persons being harmed intentionally or accidentally.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Perceiving harm evoked increased hemodynamic response in the anterior insula (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aINS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), anterior cingulate cortex (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), amygdala, periaqueductal gray (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), caudate, and inferior parietal lobe (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IPL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) across all participants. Intentionally caused, relative to unintentional harm was associated with greater activity in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aINS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , amygdala, and temporal pole. There was an inverse association of number of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms with right posterior insula in both the Harm\u00a0&gt;\u00a0No Harm and the Intentional\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Unintentional Harm contrasts. Furthermore, an inverse association between callousness and posterior insula activation was found in the Harm\u00a0&gt;\u00a0No Harm contrast, with the opposite pattern for reactive aggression scores. An interaction revealed a stronger association in girls between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      symptoms and the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pSTS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) in the Intentional Harm versus Unintentional Harm contrast.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with greater\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and callousness exhibit dampened hemodynamic response to viewing others being harmed in the insula, a region which plays a key role in empathy and emotional awareness. Sex differences in the neural correlates of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T01:24:46Z","timestamp":1444958686000},"page":"510-519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Brain response to viewing others being harmed in children with conduct disorder symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Kalina J.","family":"Michalska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Development University of Maryland College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas 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