{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:16:56Z","timestamp":1782962216413,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,17]],"date-time":"2015-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7\/2007\u20102013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007\u20102013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is thought to reflect a continuously distributed quantitative trait, it is assessed through binary diagnosis or skewed measures biased towards its high, symptomatic extreme. A growing trend is to study the positive tail of normally distributed traits, a promising avenue, for example, to study high intelligence to increase power for gene\u2010hunting for intelligence. However, the emergence of such a \u2018positive genetics\u2019 model has been tempered for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      due to poor phenotypic resolution at the low extreme. Overcoming this methodological limitation, we conduct the first study to assess the aetiologies of low extreme\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a population\u2010representative sample of 2,143 twins, the Strength and Weaknesses of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      Symptoms and Normal behaviour (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) questionnaire was used to assess\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits on a continuum from low to high. Aetiological influences on extreme\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits were estimated using DeFries\u2013Fulker extremes analysis.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits were related to behavioural, cognitive and home environmental outcomes using regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Low extreme\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits were significantly influenced by shared environmental factors (23\u201335%) but were not significantly heritable. In contrast, high\u2010extreme\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits showed significant heritability (39\u201351%) but no shared environmental influences. Compared to individuals with high extreme or with average levels of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits, individuals with low extreme\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits showed fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems, better cognitive performance and more positive behaviours and positive home environmental outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Shared environmental influences on low extreme\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      traits may reflect passive gene\u2010environment correlation, which arises because parents provide environments as well as passing on genes. Studying the low extreme opens new avenues to study mechanisms underlying previously neglected positive behaviours. This is different from the current deficit\u2010based model of intervention, but congruent with a population\u2010level approach to improving youth wellbeing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,17]],"date-time":"2015-10-17T05:03:31Z","timestamp":1445058211000},"page":"523-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["The opposite end of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder continuum: genetic and environmental aetiologies of extremely low\n                    <scp>ADHD<\/scp>\n                    traits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Corina U.","family":"Greven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Social, Genetic &amp; Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Merwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Social, Genetic &amp; Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bath Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanda M. 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