{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T14:00:50Z","timestamp":1792245650221,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,27]],"date-time":"2015-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/J500380\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/J500380\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0500870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0500870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0901245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0901245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["previously G0500079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["previously G0500079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) has been recently debated due to emerging findings on the importance of shared environmental influences. However, two recent twin studies do not support this and instead re\u2010affirm strong genetic effects on the liability to\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , a finding consistent with previous reports. This study conducts a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of all twin studies of\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n published to date and explores the etiology along the continuum of a quantitative measure of\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A PubMed Central, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge structured search conducted online, to identify all twin studies on\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n published to date. Thirteen primary twin studies were identified, seven were included in the meta\u2010analysis by meeting Systematic Recruitment criterion; correction for selection and ascertainment strategies, and applied prevalences were assessed for these studies. In addition, a quantile\n DF<\/jats:styled-content>\n extremes analysis was carried out on Childhood Autism Spectrum Test scores measured in a population sample of 6,413 twin pairs including affected twins.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The meta\u2010analysis correlations for monozygotic twins (\n MZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) were almost perfect at .98 (95% Confidence Interval, .96\u2013.99). The dizygotic (\n DZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) correlation, however, was .53 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n .44\u2013.60) when\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n prevalence rate was set at 5% (in line with the Broad Phenotype of\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and increased to .67 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n .61\u2013.72) when applying a prevalence rate of 1%. The meta\u2010analytic heritability estimates were substantial: 64\u201391%. Shared environmental effects became significant as the prevalence rate decreased from 5\u20131%: 07\u201335%. The\n DF<\/jats:styled-content>\n analyses show that for the most part, there is no departure from linearity in heritability.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n We demonstrate that: (a)\n ASD<\/jats:styled-content>\n is due to strong genetic effects; (b) shared environmental effects become significant as a function of lower prevalence rate; (c) previously reported significant shared environmental influences are likely a statistical artefact of overinclusion of concordant\n DZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n twins.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,27]],"date-time":"2015-12-27T23:50:45Z","timestamp":1451260245000},"page":"585-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":984,"title":["Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: a meta\u2010analysis of twin 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