{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:26:39Z","timestamp":1788305199724,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,2]],"date-time":"2016-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Information about psychiatric disorders among those with immigrant parents is important for early detection and service development. The aim of this study is to examine the association between parental immigration and the diagnosis of attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) in offspring in Finland.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This matched case\u2013control study was based on a national birth cohort. The sample included all singletons who were born in Finland in 1991\u20132005 and diagnosed with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      by the year 2011 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010,409) and their matched controls (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a039,124). Nationwide registers were used to identify participants and to gather information on the parents' country of birth and native language. Conditional logistic regression analyses were conducted using maternal and paternal migration status and region of birth as well as time since maternal migration as exposure factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The likelihood of being diagnosed with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was significantly increased among children of two immigrant parents [adjusted odds ratio (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) 4.7, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      3.4\u20136.6] and children of an immigrant father (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1.9, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1.6\u20132.2). The likelihood of receiving an\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      diagnosis was equal among children whose mother was a recent immigrant when she gave birth and those whose mother had stayed in Finland at least for a year before birth. The association between parental migration and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      diagnosis was strongest among fathers born in sub\u2010Saharan Africa or Latin America and among mothers born in sub\u2010Saharan Africa or North Africa and Middle East. Children, whose parents were born in countries with low Human Development Index (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), were more often diagnosed with ADHD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The increased likelihood of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      diagnosis among children of immigrants indicates increased exposure to environmental risk factors, differences in the use of health services, or challenges in diagnosing immigrants' children.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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