{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:44:11Z","timestamp":1781498651035,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Developmental dyslexia (\n DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) are among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, whose etiology involves multiple risk factors.\n DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n co\u2010occur in the same individuals much more often than would be expected by chance. Several studies have found significant bivariate heritability, and specific genes associated with either\n DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n or\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n have been investigated for association in the other disorder. Moreover, there are likely to be gene\u2010by\u2010gene and gene\u2010by\u2010environment interaction effects (G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0G and G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0E, respectively) underlying the comorbidity between\n DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . We investigated the pleiotropic effects of 19\n SNP<\/jats:styled-content>\n s spanning five\n DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n genes (\n \n DYX<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1C1\n <\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n DCDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2\n <\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n KIAA<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0319\n <\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n ROBO<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1\n <\/jats:italic>\n , and\n \n GRIN<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2B\n <\/jats:italic>\n ) and seven\n DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n environmental factors (smoke, miscarriage, birth weight, breastfeeding, parental age, socioeconomic status, and parental education) for main, either (a) genetic or (b) environmental, (c) G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0G, and (d) G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0E upon inattention and hyperactivity\/impulsivity. We then attempted replication of these findings in an independent twin cohort.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Marker\u2010trait association was analyzed by implementing the Quantitative Transmission Disequilibrium Test (\n QTDT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Environmental associations were tested by partial correlations. G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0G were investigated by a general linear model equation\u00a0and a family\u2010based association test. G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0E were analyzed through a general test for G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0E in sib pair\u2010based association analysis of quantitative traits.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n \n DCDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2010rs793862 was associated with hyperactivity\/impulsivity\n via<\/jats:italic>\n G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0G (\n \n KIAA<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0319\n <\/jats:italic>\n ) and G\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0E (miscarriage). Smoke was significantly correlated with hyperactivity\/impulsivity. We replicated the\n \n DCDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2\u00a0\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u00d7\n \n \u00a0\n KIAA<\/jats:styled-content>\n 0319\n <\/jats:italic>\n interaction upon hyperactivity\/impulsivity in the twin cohort.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n DD<\/jats:styled-content>\n genetic (\n \n DCDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2\n <\/jats:italic>\n ) and environmental factors (smoke and miscarriage) underlie\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n traits supporting a potential pleiotropic effect.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T14:45:27Z","timestamp":1470667527000},"page":"75-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Complex effects of dyslexia risk factors account for\n ADHD<\/scp>\n traits: evidence from two independent samples"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Mascheretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Psychopathology Unit Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea Bosisio Parini Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Trezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Psychopathology Unit Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea Bosisio Parini Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Giorda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Lab Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea Bosisio Parini Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"},{"name":"Ecole de Psychologie Laval University Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Foundations of Child Development Tomsk State University Tomsk Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vickie","family":"Plourde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"},{"name":"Ecole de Psychologie Laval University Qu\u00e9bec QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vitaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psycho\u2010Education GRIP University of Montreal Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Brendgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec 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