{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:03:13Z","timestamp":1790762593383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009670","name":"National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the effects of early\u2010onset trauma on susceptibility to psychopathology are well\u2010acknowledged, no study to date has followed risk and resilience trajectories in war\u2010exposed young children over lengthy periods and charted predictors of individual pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective longitudinal study, we followed 232 children, including 148 exposed to repeated wartime trauma and 84 controls, at three time points: early childhood (1.5\u20135\u00a0years), middle childhood (5\u20138\u00a0years), and late childhood (9\u201311\u00a0years). Children were diagnosed at each time point and four trajectories defined: children exhibiting no pathology at any time point, those displaying early pathology that later remitted, those showing initial resilience followed by late pathology, and children presenting chronic pathology across the entire first decade. Maternal behavioral containment during trauma evocation and child social engagement during free play were observed in early childhood and maternal emotional distress self\u2010reported across time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      War\u2010exposed children showed significantly higher rates of psychopathology, with 81% exhibiting pathology at some point during childhood. In middle childhood, exposed children displayed more posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), anxiety disorders, and attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), and in late childhood more\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , conduct\/oppositional defiant disorders, and ADHD. War\u2010exposed children had more comorbid psychopathologies and number of comorbidities increased with age. Notably, war\u2010exposure increased prevalence of chronic pathology by 24\u2010fold. Maternal factors, including mother's uncontained style and emotional distress, increased risk for early and chronic psychopathology, whereas reduced child social engagement augmented risk for late pathology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early\u2010onset chronic stress does not heal naturally, and its effects appear to exacerbate over time, with trauma\u2010exposed children presenting a more comorbid, chronic, and externalizing profile as they grow older. Our findings demonstrate that responses to trauma are dynamic and variable and pinpoint age\u2010specific effects of maternal and child factors on risk and resilience trajectories. Results highlight the importance of conducting long\u2010term follow\u2010up studies and constructing individually tailored early interventions following trauma exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T04:21:41Z","timestamp":1472530901000},"page":"1183-1193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Risk and resilience trajectories in war\u2010exposed children across the first decade of life"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Galit","family":"Halevi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Djalovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adva","family":"Vengrober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"},{"name":"The Gonda Brain Sciences Center Bar\u2010Ilan University Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"586","article-title":"The silent victims: Effects of war and terrorism on child development","volume":"37","author":"Alkhatib A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory","author":"Beck A.T.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. 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