{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T15:37:20Z","timestamp":1762184240198,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]],"date-time":"2016-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Rijlaarsdam et\u00a0al. (2016) recently published their findings utilizing a longitudinal design showing that prenatal \u2018unhealthy diet\u2019 was positively associated with\n IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n methylation at birth across both youth cohorts. However, only in the\n EOP<\/jats:styled-content>\n youth was prenatal \u2018unhealthy diet\u2019 positively associated with\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n symptoms presumably through\n IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n hypermethylation. Rijlaarsdam et\u00a0al.'s () choice to assess high fat and sugar diet with the Food Frequency Questionnaire (\n FFQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) may offer some indication as to prenatal nutrient status, as the foods identified by the\n FFQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n in their study are relatively low in free choline. It has been shown that gestational choline deficiency in rats leads to hypermethylation of\n IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2. Consistent with the literature describing an association between air pollution and cognitive neurodevelopmental impairment, the author of this commentary has previously proposed through empirical investigation that chronic environmental exposure to the trace levels of the pervasive air pollutant, nitrous oxide (N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O), may facilitate core features of neurodevelopmental disorders, like\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Impaired acetylcholine synthesis in rats exposed to N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O has been shown, with a 53% reduction in [1\u20102H2,2\u20102H2] choline. Low\u2010dose N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O exposure is also thought to stimulate central release of opioid peptides, like dynorphin, which play a role in significantly increasing food intake behavior and\/or modulating sucrose intake. Taken altogether, these studies present a strong confounder to the interpretation made by Rijlaarsdam et\u00a0al. () that prenatal \u2018unhealthy diet\u2019 may play a role in the onset of\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n symptoms in youth with\n EOP<\/jats:styled-content>\n conduct problems through induction of\n IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n hypermethylation. While the \u2018unhealthy diet\u2019 may represent possible maternal nutrient deficiencies during gestation, it is also possible that exposure to air pollutants, particularly N\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O, may not only directly reduce fetal cholinergic status thereby enhancing\n IGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n hypermethylation but may also significantly modulate maternal food intake behaviors (i.e. sucrose).\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]],"date-time":"2016-12-17T10:30:42Z","timestamp":1481970642000},"page":"28-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Commentary: \u2018Unhealthy diet,\u2019 nutrient status, and\n ADHD<\/scp>\n symptoms: a confounding role for environmental nitrous oxide exposure \u2013 reflections on Rijlaarsdam et\u00a0al. (2016)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Keith","family":"Fluegge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Environmental Research Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/61742"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1981.tb02373.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00001-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705539200"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(83)90069-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.08.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12589"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjcpp.12649","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jcpp.12649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:51:12Z","timestamp":1762181472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jcpp.12649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jcpp.12649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12649","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0021-9630"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-7610"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,16]]}}}