{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:53:32Z","timestamp":1790873612775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]],"date-time":"2017-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 HD027802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 HD027802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD038526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD038526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Males are diagnosed with dyslexia more frequently than females, even in epidemiological samples. This may be explained by greater variance in males\u2019 reading performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We expand on previous research by rigorously testing the variance difference theory, and testing for mediation of the sex difference by cognitive correlates. We developed an analytic framework that can be applied to group differences in any psychiatric disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Males\u2019 overrepresentation in the low performance tail of the reading distribution was accounted for by mean and variance differences across sex. There was no sex difference at the high performance tail. Processing speed (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and inhibitory control partially mediated the sex difference. Verbal reasoning emerged as a strength in males.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results complement a previous finding that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      partially mediates the sex difference in symptoms of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), and helps explain the sex difference in both dyslexia and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and their comorbidity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]],"date-time":"2017-02-08T00:05:21Z","timestamp":1486512321000},"page":"719-727","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Explaining the sex difference in dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Anne B.","family":"Arnett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce F.","family":"Pennington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Child Psychology University of Denver Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin L.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Rehabilitation &amp; Therapy Children's Hospital Denver CO USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik G.","family":"Willcutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"DeFries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9644-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2005.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center","volume":"8","author":"DeFries J.C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Peabody individual achievement test","author":"Dunn L.M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700644016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10370-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Specific dyslexia: A clinical and genetic study","volume":"65","author":"Hallgren B.","year":"1950","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009027516424"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113654"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.27.2.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"The 2015 Brown Center Report on American Education","author":"Loveless T.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"Sex differences in phonological coding: Alphabet transformation speed","volume":"35","author":"Majeres R.L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science Direct"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Technical manual. 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