{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T07:17:12Z","timestamp":1768029432822,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,15]],"date-time":"2017-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1510\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1510\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evolution preserves social attention due to its key role in supporting survival. Humans are attracted to social cues from infancy, but the neurobiological mechanisms for the development of social attention are unknown. An evolutionary\u2010based, vertical\u2010hierarchical theoretical model of self\u2010regulation suggests that neonatal brainstem inputs are key for the development of well\u2010regulated social attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neonates born preterm (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a044, GA 34\u00a0w.) were recruited and diagnosed at birth as a function of their auditory brainstem evoked responses (ABR). Participants enrolled in a prospective 8\u2010year\u2010long, double\u2010blind, follow\u2010up study comparing participants with brainstem dysfunctions and well\u2010matched controls. Groups had comparable fetal, neonatal, and familial characteristics. Methods incorporated EEG power analysis and gaze tracking during the Attention Network Test (ANT, four cue types, and two targets) and a Triadic Gaze Engagement task (TGE, three social cue levels).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results showed that neonatal brainstem compromise is related to long\u2010term changes in Alpha\u2010 and Theta\u2010band power asymmetries (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.034,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.016, respectively), suggesting suppressed bottom\u2010up input needed to alert social attention. Gaze tracking indicated dysregulated arousal\u2010modulated attention (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.004) and difficulty in gaze engagement to socially neutral compared to nonsocial cues (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.012).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating models of Autism and cross\u2010species data with current long\u2010term follow\u2010up of infants with discrete neonatal brainstem dysfunction suggests neonatal brainstem input as a gateway for bottom\u2010up regulation of social attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  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