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Here, we investigated the effects of in utero exposure to maternal infection and noninfectious diseases during pregnancy on offspring developmental vulnerabilities at age 5\u00a0years, in the context of estimated effects for early childhood exposures to infectious and noninfectious diseases and maternal mental illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used population data for 66,045 children from an intergenerational record linkage study (the New South Wales Child Development Study), for whom a cross\u2010sectional assessment of five developmental competencies (physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and communication) was obtained at school entry, using the Australian Early Development Census (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AEDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). Child and maternal exposures to infectious or noninfectious diseases were determined from the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSW<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      Ministry of Health Admitted Patients Data Collection (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and maternal mental illness exposure was derived from both\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APDC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and Mental Health Ambulatory Data collections. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine unadjusted and adjusted associations between these physical and mental health exposures and child developmental vulnerabilities at age 5\u00a0years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the physical disease exposures, maternal infectious diseases during pregnancy and early childhood infection conferred the largest associations with developmental vulnerabilities at age 5\u00a0years; maternal noninfectious illness during pregnancy also retained small but significant associations with developmental vulnerabilities even when adjusted for other physical and mental illness exposures and covariates known to be associated with early childhood development (e.g., child's sex, socioeconomic disadvantage, young maternal age, prenatal smoking). Among all exposures examined, maternal mental illness first diagnosed prior to childbirth conferred the greatest odds of developmental vulnerability at age 5\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal exposure to infectious or noninfectious diseases appear to influence early childhood physical, social, emotional and cognitive developmental vulnerabilities that may represent intermediate phenotypes for subsequent mental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T05:43:18Z","timestamp":1514266998000},"page":"801-810","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Childhood developmental vulnerabilities associated with early life exposure to infectious and noninfectious diseases and maternal mental illness"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9361-4874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maina","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberlie","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Justice Health &amp; Forensic Mental Health Network Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin R.","family":"Laurens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology Australian Catholic University Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Tzoumakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughan J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry School of Clinical Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. 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