{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:43:55Z","timestamp":1782539035413,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]],"date-time":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524441600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]],"date-time":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006662","name":"National Institute on Handicapped Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDF\/08\/01\/015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDF\/08\/01\/015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009670","name":"National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["194\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["194\/12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["35\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["35\/06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000374","name":"British Medical Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010247","name":"Schizophrenia Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FT170100294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT170100294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Among adults with schizophrenia, evidence suggests that premorbid deficits in different cognitive domains follow distinct developmental courses during childhood and adolescence. The aim of this study was to delineate trajectories of adolescent cognitive functions prospectively among different groups of youth at\u2010risk for schizophrenia, relative to their typically developing (\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) peers.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n \n Using linear mixed models adjusted for sex, ethnicity, parental occupation and practice effects, cognitive development between ages 9 and 16\u00a0years was compared for youth characterised by a triad of well\u2010replicated developmental antecedents of schizophrenia (\n AS<\/jats:styled-content>\n z;\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a032) and youth with a least one affected relative with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (\n FH<\/jats:styled-content>\n x;\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a029), relative to\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n youth (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a045). Participants completed measures of\n IQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n , scholastic achievement, memory and executive function at three time\u2010points, separated by approximately 24\u2010month intervals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared to\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n youth, both\n AS<\/jats:styled-content>\n z and\n FH<\/jats:styled-content>\n x youth displayed stable developmental\n deficits<\/jats:italic>\n in verbal working memory and inhibition\/switching executive functions.\n AS<\/jats:styled-content>\n z youth additionally presented with stable\n deficits<\/jats:italic>\n in measures of vocabulary (\n IQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), word reading, numerical operations, and category fluency executive function, and a slower rate of growth (developmental\n lag<\/jats:italic>\n ) on spelling from 9 to 16\u00a0years than\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n peers. Conversely, faster rates of growth relative to\n TD<\/jats:styled-content>\n peers (developmental\n delay<\/jats:italic>\n ) were observed on visual and verbal memory, and on category fluency executive function (\n AS<\/jats:styled-content>\n z youth only) and on matrix reasoning (\n IQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and word reading (\n FH<\/jats:styled-content>\n x youth only).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n These differential patterns of deviation from normative adolescent cognitive development among at\u2010risk youth imply potential for cognitive rehabilitation targeting of specific cognitive deficits at different developmental phases.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,23]],"date-time":"2018-04-23T07:18:04Z","timestamp":1524467884000},"page":"1215-1224","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Trajectories of cognitive development during adolescence among youth 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London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Preventive Medicine The Freidman Brain Institute Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheilagh","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin G.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience Kings College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin 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