{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:05:24Z","timestamp":1772553924928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correlated activity of slow\u2010wave (e.g. delta) and fast\u2010wave (e.g. beta) frontal brain oscillations is thought to be an electrophysiological correlate of individual differences in neuroendocrine activity and anxiety in adult samples. We know, however, relatively little about the physiological and functional correlates of delta\u2010beta coupling in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We examined whether longitudinal patterns of children's basal salivary cortisol and social anxiety across two visits separated by 1\u00a0year were associated with frontal brain delta\u2010beta correlation in children (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a07.59\u00a0years,\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.70). At Time 1 (T1), resting baseline electroencephalogram (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) recordings were collected from the children and delta and beta power was measured, and at both T1 and Time 2 (T2), basal salivary cortisol was measured, and parents reported on children's symptoms of social anxiety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using latent class growth curve analysis, we found that children's salivary cortisol across visits was characterized by a high, stable class (53%), and a low, unstable class (47%), and children's social anxiety was characterized by a high, stable class (50%) and a low, stable class (50%). Using Fisher's\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010to\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      transformation, we found that frontal\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      delta\u2010beta correlation was significantly stronger among children with high, stable salivary cortisol levels (compared to the low, unstable class;\n                      <jats:italic>z\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      2.11,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      .02), and among children with high, stable social anxiety levels (compared to the low, stable class;\n                      <jats:italic>z\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      .04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings demonstrate that longitudinal patterns of neuroendocrine stress activity and social anxiety\u00a0may be associated with the correlation of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      power in slow and fast frontal brain oscillations as early as childhood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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