{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:16:41Z","timestamp":1790929001494,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is conceptualized as an early onset childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. Prevalence in adults is around two\u2010thirds that in childhood, yet longitudinal outcome studies of children with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    found a minority continue to meet full criteria in adulthood. This suggests that not all adult cases meet\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    criteria as children, a conclusion supported by earlier studies relying on retrospective recall in adolescent and adult samples. More recently prospective follow\u2010up of population and control samples suggest that adolescent and young adult\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is not always a continuation of childhood\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Here, we review the literature on age of onset, to explore whether late\u2010onset\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    exists, and if so, examine the evidence for whether this should be considered the same or a different disorder as childhood onset\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . We conclude that current evidence supports the view that a significant proportion of young adults meeting criteria for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    would not have met full diagnostic criteria for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    as children. However, many in the late\u2010onset group show some\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    symptoms in childhood, or an externalizing disorder such as oppositional defiant disorder. Furthermore, the current studies suggest that most (but not all) cases of late\u2010onset\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    develop the disorder between the ages of 12\u201316 and can therefore be considered adolescent or early adult onset\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . There is a relative lack of data spanning young to older adulthood to address the question of adult\u2010onset. Currently, there is insufficient data to clarify the extent to which early and late onset\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    reflect a different balance of genetic and environmental risks or share the same underlying neural mechanisms. Clinicians should be aware that significantly impairing forms of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    can emerge beyond the age of 12\u00a0years, although perhaps rarely in the context of a complete absence of precursors. The current evidence on treatment responses is limited.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T04:10:53Z","timestamp":1551931853000},"page":"333-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Annual Research Review: Does late\u2010onset attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder exist?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Asherson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Agnew\u2010Blais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0052-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199709000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.5.4.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30032-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders \u2010 DSM 5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"The Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS): Pilot findings on a measure on global impairment for children and adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Bird H.R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0858-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.145185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Conners C.K. 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