{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:19:57Z","timestamp":1788754797261,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP\u2010106573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP\u2010106573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP\u201093696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP\u201093696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006126","name":"Hospital for Sick Children","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006126","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Population\u2010based samples with valid, quantitative and genetically informative trait measures of psychopathology could be a powerful complement to case\/control genetic designs. We report the convergent and predictive validity of the parent\u2010 and self\u2010report versions of the Strengths and Weaknesses of\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n Symptoms and Normal Behavior Rating Scale (S\n WAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). We tested if\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores were associated with\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n diagnosis,\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n polygenic risk, as well as traits and polygenic risk for disorders that co\u2010occur with\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n : anxiety and obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder (\n OCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We collected parent\u2010 and self\u2010report\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores in a sample of 15,560 children and adolescents (6\u201317\u00a0years) recruited at a science museum (Spit for Science sample). We established age and sex norms for the\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Sensitivity\u2010specificity analyses determined\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n cut\u2010points that discriminated those with and without a reported\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n diagnosis. These cut\u2010points were validated in a clinic sample (266\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n cases; 36 controls). Convergent validity was established using the Conners\u2019 parent\u2010 and self\u2010report scales. Using Spit for Science participants with genome\u2010wide data (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a05,154), we tested if low, medium and high\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores were associated with polygenic risk for\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n OCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and anxiety disorders.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Parent\u2010 and self\u2010report\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores showed high convergent validity with Conners\u2019 scales and distinguished\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n participants with high sensitivity and specificity in the Spit for Science sample. In a clinic sample, the Spit for Science cut\u2010points discriminated\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n cases from controls with a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 92%. High\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores and scores above the Spit for Science cut\u2010points were significantly associated with polygenic risk for\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores were not associated with polygenic risk for\n OCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n or anxiety disorders.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Our study supports the validity of the parent\u2010 and self\u2010report\n SWAN<\/jats:styled-content>\n scales and their potential in\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n population\u2010based genetic research.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T14:35:23Z","timestamp":1553524523000},"page":"988-997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["SWAN<\/scp>\n scale for\n ADHD<\/scp>\n trait\u2010based genetic research: a validity and polygenic risk study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Christie L.","family":"Burton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genome Biology Program Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON 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C.","family":"Corfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Genome Biology Program Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry & Medical Genetics, Hotchkiss Brain Institute Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell J.","family":"Schachar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school\u2010age forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnositic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric 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