{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:11:53Z","timestamp":1787015513452,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102215\/2\/13\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102215\/2\/13\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRF\u20102011\u201004\u2010061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRF\u20102011\u201004\u2010061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/P000703\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/P000703\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Retrospective and cross\u2010sectional studies often report associations between childhood gender nonconformity and greater emotional and peer difficulties. This study used the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALSPAC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      birth cohort to investigate relationships between childhood gender\u2010typed behavior and peer and emotional problems throughout childhood and adolescence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 11,192 participants had at least one measure of parent\u2010rated gender\u2010typed behavior in infancy; 7,049 participants had a measure of child\u2010rated gender\u2010typed behavior at 8.5\u00a0years. Separate linear mixed regression models were fitted to assess whether parent\u2010rated and child\u2010rated gender\u2010typed behaviors were associated with emotional and peer problems across childhood and adolescence (6\u201316\u00a0years old). The effect of adding covariates (self\u2010esteem, abuse, bullying, feeling accepted by peers, and feeling different) on these relationships was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For boys, more gender\u2010nonconforming behavior was associated with greater subsequent emotional and peer problems in childhood and adolescence. Adjusting for self\u2010esteem, relational bullying victimization, feeling different, or feeling accepted by peers reduced some of these associations. In contrast, for girls, more gender\u2010nonconforming behavior was associated with\n                      <jats:italic>fewer<\/jats:italic>\n                      emotional problems in childhood and adolescence. In girls,\n                      <jats:italic>self<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010reported gender\u2010nonconforming behavior was also associated with fewer parent\u2010rated peer problems but\n                      <jats:italic>parent<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010rated gender\u2010nonconforming behavior was associated with more parent\u2010rated peer problems; this latter association was partly explained by self\u2010esteem, bullying, and abuse victimization. These associations were statistically significant but small.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, more female\u2010typical behaviors were generally associated with greater subsequent emotional and peer problems, for both boys and girls. Future studies should investigate factors that reduced these associations, as well as potential negative effects of female\u2010typical behaviors or advantages of male\u2010typical ones. As this was a 14\u2010year longitudinal study, the relationships between gender\u2010role behaviors and emotional\/peer problems warrant further research despite the small association sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T07:15:51Z","timestamp":1553498151000},"page":"888-896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Childhood gender\u2010typed behavior and emotional or peer problems: a prospective birth\u2010cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6017-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna\u2010Sophia","family":"Warren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London London 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