{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T22:15:20Z","timestamp":1773958520255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]],"date-time":"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH062375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH062375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD068435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD068435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Callous\u2013unemotional (CU) traits in early childhood explain heterogeneity within conduct problems and are associated with higher risk for later diagnoses of childhood disruptive behavior disorders and antisocial behavior in adulthood. Emerging research implicates impairments in affiliative processes in the etiology of CU traits. The current study tests whether the imitation of intentional actions with no functional significance \u2013a behavior that supports the acquisition of social conventions and affiliative bonds, is a specific developmental precursor to CU traits in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data came from a longitudinal twin study of 628 children (Age 2: 47% females; Age 3: 44.9% females) with observations of arbitrary (i.e., nonfunctional actions) and instrumental (i.e., functional actions) imitation and parent reports of CU traits and oppositional defiant (ODD) behaviors at ages 2 and 3.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lower arbitrary imitation at age 2, but not instrumental imitation, was related to increases in CU traits from ages 2 to 3 (\u03b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings establish early social and affiliative processes in the etiology of CU traits, highlighting that novel personalized treatment and intervention strategies for CU traits may benefit from targeting these processes to help reduce CU traits and risk for persistent conduct problems in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T00:04:59Z","timestamp":1578269099000},"page":"818-825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Less imitation of arbitrary actions is a specific developmental precursor to callous\u2013unemotional traits in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Flom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ronfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Fenstermacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science The University of Vermont Burlington VT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Saudino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","article-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist\/ 4\u201318 and 1991 profile","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Burling, VT"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074746"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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