{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:09:26Z","timestamp":1790809766975,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/J500094\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/J500094\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although factors such as adverse family background have been widely examined, little is known about the prevalence or potential impact of developmental language disorder (DLD) on risk of recidivism in young people with history of criminal justice system contact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 145 young offenders participated. An adversity score was constructed based on information found in youth justice service records. Data collected included standardised measures of expressive and receptive language, nonverbal IQ and the inventory of callous\u2013unemotional traits. Survival analysis was performed to examine differences in reoffending risk between young offenders with and without DLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cumulative incidence of reoffending within a year of the young person's court order was markedly raised in the DLD group (62%; 95% CI 52, 72) versus the non\u2010DLD group (25%; 95% CI 16, 39). Furthermore, in the final multivariable survival analysis the independent elevation in risk linked with DLD was not greatly attenuated with adjustment for nonverbal IQ, adversity score, age at first offence, number of previous offences and deprivation score. DLD was the most significant predictor with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.61 (95% CI 1.80, 3.78).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young offenders with DLD are more than twice as likely to reoffend than their unaffected offending peers. DLD is a powerful predictor of recidivism above and beyond other known risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1594742987000},"page":"396-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Developmental language disorders and risk of recidivism among young offenders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Maxine","family":"Winstanley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Health Sciences Faculty of Health and Wellbeing University of Central Lancashire Preston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger T.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health School of Health Sciences Centre for Mental Health &amp; Safety The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC) Manchester UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Conti\u2010Ramsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Communication, Development &amp; Hearing School of Health Sciences The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC) Manchester 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