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One important risk factor is maternal obesity (Body Mass Index\u00a0&gt;\u00a030). Recent research indicates that high maternal BMI during pregnancy is associated with increased risk for numerous physical health, cognitive, and mental health problems in offspring across the lifespan. It is possible that heightened maternal prenatal BMI influences the developing brain even before birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study examines this possibility at the level of macrocircuitry in the human fetal brain. Using a data\u2010driven strategy for parcellating the brain into subnetworks, we test whether MRI functional connectivity within or between fetal neural subnetworks varies with maternal prenatal BMI in 109 fetuses between the ages of 26 and 39weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We discovered that strength of connectivity between two subnetworks, left anterior insula\/inferior frontal gyrus (aIN\/IFG) and bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), varied with maternal BMI. At the level of individual aIN\/IFG\u2010PFC connections, we observed both increased and decreased between\u2010network connectivity with a tendency for increased within\u2010hemisphere connectivity and reduced cross\u2010hemisphere connectivity in higher BMI pregnancies. Maternal BMI was not associated with global differences in network topography based on network\u2010based statistical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall effects were localized in regions that will later support behavioral regulation and integrative processes, regions commonly associated with obesity\u2010related deficits. By establishing onset in neural differences prior to birth, this study supports a model in which maternal BMI\u2010related risk is associated with fetal connectome\u2010level brain organization with implications for offspring long\u2010term cognitive development and mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T01:01:17Z","timestamp":1597107677000},"page":"458-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["An examination of maternal prenatal BMI and human fetal brain development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4828-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan E.","family":"Norr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 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