{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:48:26Z","timestamp":1790804906894,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7\/2007\u20102013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007\u20102013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conduct disorder (CD) rarely occurs alone but is typically accompanied by comorbid psychiatric disorders, which complicates the clinical presentation and treatment of affected youths. The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in comorbidity pattern in CD and to systematically explore the \u2018gender paradox\u2019 and \u2018delayed\u2010onset pathway\u2019 hypotheses of female CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As part of the FemNAT\u2010CD multisite study, semistructured clinical interviews and rating scales were used to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 454 girls and 295 boys with CD (9\u201318\u2009years), compared to 864 sex\u2010 and age\u2010matched typically developing controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Girls with CD exhibited higher rates of current major depression, anxiety disorders, post\u2010traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, whereas boys with CD had higher rates of current attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. In line with the \u2018gender paradox\u2019 hypothesis, relative to boys, girls with CD showed significantly more lifetime psychiatric comorbidities (incl. Alcohol Use Disorder), which were accompanied by more severe CD symptoms. Female and male youths with CD also differed significantly in their CD symptom profiles and distribution of age\u2010of\u2010onset subtypes of CD (i.e. fewer girls with childhood\u2010onset CD). In line with the \u2018delayed\u2010onset pathway\u2019 hypothesis, girls with adolescent\u2010onset CD showed similar levels of dimensional psychopathology like boys with childhood\u2010onset CD, while boys with adolescent\u2010onset CD had the lowest levels of internalizing psychopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the largest study of CD in girls performed to date, we found compelling evidence for sex differences in comorbidity patterns and clinical presentation of CD. Our findings further support aspects of the \u2018gender paradox\u2019 and \u2018delayed\u2010onset pathway\u2019 hypotheses by showing that girls with CD had higher rates of comorbid lifetime mental disorders and functional impairments, and they usually developed CD during adolescence. These novel data on sex\u2010specific clinical profiles of CD will be critical in informing intervention and prevention programmes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T06:16:20Z","timestamp":1621404980000},"page":"218-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and clinical presentation in youths with conduct disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9039-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Konrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Neuropsychology Section Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA\u2010Brain Institute II Molecular 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