{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:07:39Z","timestamp":1789265259645,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD068435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD068435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH062375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH062375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Callous\u2010unemotional (CU) behaviors predict risk for aggression and rule\u2010breaking. Low social affiliation (i.e. reduced motivation for and enjoyment of social closeness) is hypothesized to be a phenotypic marker for CU behaviors in early childhood. However, studies need to establish observational methods to objectively assess social affiliation as well as to establish parenting practices that can buffer pathways from low social affiliation to CU behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from a longitudinal twin study of 628 children (age 2, 47% females; age 3, 44.9% females), we examined reciprocal associations between observed social affiliation, CU behaviors, and oppositional\u2010defiant behaviors. We tested whether positive parenting moderated associations over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We established that an observed measure of social affiliation derived from the Bayley\u2019s Behavior Rating Scale and Infant Behavior Record showed high inter\u2010rater reliability and expected convergence with parent\u2010reported temperament measures. Lower social affiliation at age 2 uniquely predicted CU behaviors, but not oppositional\u2010defiant behaviors, at age 3. Finally, low social affiliation at age 2 predicted CU behaviors at age 3 specifically among children who experienced low, but not high, levels of parental positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An objective rating scale that is already widely used in pediatric settings reliably indexes low social affiliation and risk for CU behaviors. The dynamic interplay between parenting and low child social affiliation represents an important future target for novel individual\u2010 and dyadic\u2010targeted treatments to reduce risk for CU behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T07:54:31Z","timestamp":1623743671000},"page":"109-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Low social affiliation predicts increases in callous\u2010unemotional behaviors in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Perlstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5069-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5628-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"Saudino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Boston University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Bayley scales of infant development","author":"Bayley N.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Bayley scales of infant development","author":"Bayley N.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.17.4.598"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000347"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X05000063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9270-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21952"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-007-9160-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"The laboratory temperament assessment battery\u2010preschool version: Description of procedures","author":"Goldsmith H.H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/MONO.132.1.5-94"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Hollingshead A.B.(1975).Four factor index of social status."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2018.1479966"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.2.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12084"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.101.3.432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13264.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02435.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000492"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00375.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.12.1311"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12850"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4102_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13078"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","volume-title":"Scaling corrections for statistics in covariance structure analysis. 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