{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:55:25Z","timestamp":1789829725532,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011272","name":"FP7 Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["278367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["278367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with Tourette syndrome (TS) often have comorbid disorders, particularly attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder (OCD). While subtle premorbid symptoms have been described in various psychiatric disorders, the presence of clinical precursors that may exist before the onset of tics is unknown. This longitudinal study aimed to find clinical precursors of tics by assessing a range of clinical characteristics prior to tic onset in comparison with children without onset of tics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 187 3\u2010 to 10\u2010year\u2010old first\u2010degree unaffected relatives of children with TS were followed up to 7\u2009years in the European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS). We investigated whether clinical characteristics assessed at baseline predicted tic onset, comparing 126 children without tic onset to 61 children who developed tics. We used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method, a penalised logistic regression approach. We also explored sex differences and repeated our analyses in an age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched subsample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with tic onset were more frequently male (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.36), had higher baseline severity of conduct problems (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.23), autism spectrum disorder symptoms (ASD; \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.08), compulsions (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.02) and emotional problems (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.03) compared to children without tic onset. Conduct and ASD problems were male\u2010specific predictors, whereas severity of compulsions and oppositional (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.39) and emotional problems were female\u2010specific predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study supports the presence of clinical precursors prior to tic onset and highlights the need of sex\u2010specific monitoring of children at risk of developing tics. This may aid in the earlier detection of tics, particularly in females. We moreover found that tics most often persisted one year after tic onset, in contrast to the common belief that tics are mostly transient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T07:55:26Z","timestamp":1624607726000},"page":"305-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Clinical precursors of tics: an EMTICS study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Tha\u00efra J.C.","family":"Openneer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaim","family":"Huyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Levvel Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Medical Center Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary Calgary Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Schrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences UCL Institute of Neurology University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"EMTICS Collaborative Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01298-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8757"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191107313888"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00382.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135246581100004X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415594429"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023040610384"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regularization methods for fitting linear models with small sample sizes: Fitting the lasso estimator using R","volume":"21","author":"Finch W.H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2012.755206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.6.534"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819867245"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.1763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00770"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"INSERM Collective Expertise Centre. 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