{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:40:25Z","timestamp":1785768025071,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000073","name":"Autism Speaks","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Executive functioning (EF) varies in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is associated with clinical symptoms, academic, and adaptive functioning. Here, we examined whether middle\u2010childhood EF mediates associations between early\u2010childhood autism symptoms and adolescent outcomes in children with ASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Pathways in ASD Cohort comprising children recruited at the time of ASD diagnosis (at 2\u20134\u2009years\u2010of\u2010age) and followed prospectively across eight subsequent timepoints over ~10\u2009years was used. A subset of Pathways participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009250) with Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)\u2010Parent Form data from at least one timepoint when participants were school\u2010aged was analyzed. A mediation framework was used to examine whether BRIEF\u2010measured EF across age 7\u201310\u2009years (middle\u2010childhood) mediated associations between early\u2010childhood autism symptoms (measured using the parent\u2010report Social Responsiveness Scale across age 2\u20136\u2009years) and clinical, academic, and functional outcomes, indexed at age &gt;10\u201311.8\u2009years (early\u2010adolescence) using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)\u2010Internalizing and Externalizing Scales, Academic Performance from the Teacher's Report Form, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Models were rerun substituting clinician\u2010rated and teacher\u2010rated measures, where possible.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mediation models indicated a significant indirect effect of middle\u2010childhood EF on associations between early\u2010childhood autism symptoms and externalizing behavior, academic performance, or adaptive functioning in early adolescence; kappa squared (\u03ba\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) effect sizes ranged from large to small. Model findings were stable across raters. Middle\u2010childhood EF did not mediate associations between early\u2010childhood autism symptoms and adolescent internalizing behavior.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among children with an ASD diagnosis, middle\u2010childhood EF may be one pathway through which early\u2010childhood autism symptoms influence a variety of outcomes in early\u2010adolescence. An experimental study targeting middle\u2010childhood EF to improve adolescent academic, emotional\/behavioral, and adaptive functioning is needed to evaluate the clinical meaningfulness of these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T04:43:57Z","timestamp":1628743437000},"page":"553-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Middle\u2010childhood executive functioning mediates associations between early\u2010childhood autism symptoms and adolescent mental health, academic and functional outcomes in autistic children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7282-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie H.","family":"Ameis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression Margaret 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Educational and Counselling Psychology and Special Education University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor M.","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada"},{"name":"Autism Research Centre Dalhousie University and IWK Health Centre Halifax NS Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Vaillancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Volden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Health Policy Centre Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lonnie","family":"Zwaigenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Autism Research Centre Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Offord Centre for Child Studies Hamilton ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Duku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Offord 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