{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:45:08Z","timestamp":1791499508518,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001961","name":"AXA Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000782","name":"European Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["757364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["757364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetic and environmental influences on externalizing problems are often studied separately. Here, we extended prior work by investigating the implications of gene\u2013environment interplay in childhood for early adult externalizing behavior. Genetic nurture would be indicated if parents' genetic predisposition for externalizing behavior operates through the family environment in predicting offspring early adult externalizing behavior. Evocative gene\u2013environment correlation would be indicated if offspring genetic predisposition for externalizing behavior operates through child externalizing behavior in affecting the family environment and later early adult externalizing behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Longitudinal data from seven waves of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, a prospective cohort study of Dutch adolescents followed from age 11 to age 29 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      at baseline\u2009=\u20092,734) were used. Child externalizing behavior was assessed using self and parent reports. Family dysfunction was assessed by parents. Early adult externalizing behavior was assessed using self\u2010reports. Genome\u2010wide polygenic scores for externalizing problems were constructed for mothers, fathers, and offspring.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Offspring polygenic score and child behavior each predicted early adult externalizing problems, as did family dysfunction to a small extent. Parents' polygenic scores were not associated with offspring's early adult externalizing behavior. Indirect effect tests indicated that offspring polygenic score was associated with greater family dysfunction via child externalizing behavior (evocative gene\u2013environment correlation) but the effect was just significant and the effect size was very small. Parents' polygenic scores did not predict family dysfunction, thus the data do not provide support for genetic nurture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A very small evocative gene\u2013environment correlation was detected but effect sizes were much more pronounced for stability in externalizing behavior from childhood through early adulthood, which highlights the necessity to intervene early to prevent later problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T06:45:36Z","timestamp":1656485136000},"page":"1206-1213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gene\u2013environment interplay in externalizing behavior from childhood through adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6936-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Kretschmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5144-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Vrijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilja Maria","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1332-8617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmin","family":"Wertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina Annette","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE) University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school\u2010age forms & profiles: Child behavior checklist for ages 6\u201318, teacher's report form, youth self\u2010report: An integrated system of multi\u2010informant assessment","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620917209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868313498308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720982429"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-020-09992-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"Ellis L. K. &Rothbart M. K.(1999).Early adolescent temperament questionnaire\u2010revised. Available from Mary Rothbart University of Oregon Maryroth@ OREGON. UOREGON. EDU."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.2.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00908-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01094-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"Nolte I. M.(2020a). 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