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Growing evidence suggests that in utero stress exposure is a potent developmental risk factor for future mental illness risk, yet the extent to which the psychiatric effects of prenatal stress impact the next generation are unknown. We evaluate the intergenerational effects of prenatal stress experienced during apartheid on psychiatric morbidity among children at ages 17\u201318 and also assess the moderating effects of maternal age, social support, and past household adversity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants come from Birth\u2010to\u2010Twenty, a longitudinal birth cohort study in Soweto\u2010Johannesburg, South Africa's largest peri\u2010urban township which was the epicentre of violent repression and resistance during the final years of the apartheid regime. Pregnant women were prospectively enrolled in 1990 and completed questionnaires assessing social experiences, and their children's psychiatric morbidity were assessed at ages 17\u201318.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Full data were available from 304 mother\u2013child pairs in 2007\u20138. Maternal prenatal stress in 1990 was not directly associated greater psychiatric morbidity during at ages 17\u201318. Maternal age and past household adversity moderated the intergenerational mental health effects of prenatal stress such that children born to younger mothers and late adolescent\/young adult children experiencing greater household adversity exhibited worse psychiatric morbidity at ages 17\u201318. Social support did not buffer against the long\u2010term psychiatric impacts of prenatal stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greater prenatal stress from apartheid predicted adverse psychiatric outcomes among children born to younger mothers and adolescents\/young adults who experienced greater concurrent stress. Our findings suggest that prenatal stress may affect adolescent mental health, have stress\u2010sensitising effects, and represent possible intergenerational effects of trauma experienced under apartheid in this sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T20:04:42Z","timestamp":1658261082000},"page":"110-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Psychological legacies of intergenerational trauma under South African apartheid: Prenatal stress predicts greater vulnerability to the psychological impacts of future stress exposure during late adolescence and early adulthood in Soweto, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Wooyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of California, Berkeley  Berkeley CA USA"},{"name":"SAMRC\/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rihlat","family":"Said Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC\/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7124-3788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane A.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC\/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"DSI\u2010NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3654-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda M.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSI\u2010NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Kuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University  Evanston IL USA"},{"name":"Institute for Policy Research Northwestern University  Evanston IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(86)90050-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20797222.2016.1184838"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.928270"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315022956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719428"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.1999.11904392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192893185.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22272"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/008124638801800203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Cameron N. 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