{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:48:56Z","timestamp":1790952536885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001680","name":"Charles H. 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However, little is known about the temporal and dynamic interplay among irritability\u2010related clinical phenomena. Using a novel network analytic approach with smartphone\u2010based ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we examined how irritability and other anxiety and mood symptoms were connected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sample included 152 youth ages 8\u201318\u2009years (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u00b1\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912.28\u2009\u00b1\u20092.53; 69.74% male; 65.79% White) across several diagnostic groups enriched for irritability including disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200934), oppositional defiant disorder (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099), attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200947), anxiety disorder (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200929), and healthy comparisons (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200933). Participants completed EMA on irritability\u2010related constructs and other mood and anxiety symptoms three times a day for 7\u2009days. EMA probed symptoms on two timescales: \u201csince the last prompt\u201d (between\u2010prompt) versus \u201cat the time of the prompt\u201d (momentary). Irritability was also assessed using parent\u2010, child\u2010 and clinician\u2010reports (Affective Reactivity Index; ARI), following EMA. Multilevel vector autoregressive (mlVAR) models estimated a temporal, a contemporaneous within\u2010subject and a between\u2010subject network of symptoms, separately for between\u2010prompt and momentary symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For between\u2010prompt symptoms, frustration emerged as the most central node in both within\u2010 and between\u2010subject networks and predicted more mood changes at the next timepoint in the temporal network. For momentary symptoms, sadness and anger emerged as the most central node in the within\u2010 and between\u2010subject network, respectively. While anger was positively related to sadness\n                      <jats:italic>within<\/jats:italic>\n                      individuals and measurement occasions, anger was more broadly positively related to sadness, mood lability, and worry\n                      <jats:italic>between\/across<\/jats:italic>\n                      individuals. Finally, mean levels, not variability, of EMA\u2010indexed irritability were strongly related to ARI scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study advances current understanding of symptom\u2010level and temporal dynamics of irritability. Results suggest frustration as a potential clinically relevant treatment target. Future experimental work and clinical trials that systematically manipulate irritability\u2010related features (e.g. frustration, unfairness) will elucidate the causal relations among clinical variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T22:18:33Z","timestamp":1680041913000},"page":"1212-1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Network analysis of ecological momentary assessment identifies frustration as a central node in\u00a0irritability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan\u2010Ling","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale Child Study Center Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven CT 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