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More than one in 10 of all youth reported past\u2010year prescription stimulant misuse (10.4%)\u2014past\u2010year cocaine (4.4%) and methamphetamine (2.0%) use were less prevalent. Youth who initiated early stimulant therapy for ADHD (\u22649\u2009years old) and for long duration (\u22656\u2009years) did not have significantly increased adjusted odds of cocaine or methamphetamine use relative to population controls (ie, non\u2010ADHD and unmedicated ADHD youth). Youth who initiated late stimulant therapy for ADHD (\u226510\u2009years old) and for short duration (&lt;1\u2009year) had significantly higher odds of past\u2010year cocaine or prescription stimulant misuse in adolescence than those initiating early stimulant therapy for ADHD (\u22649\u2009years old) and for long duration (\u22656\u2009years). Youth who initiated late stimulant therapy for ADHD (\u226510\u2009years) for short duration (&lt;1\u2009year) had significantly higher odds of past\u2010year cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse versus population controls during adolescence. No differences in past\u2010year cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse were found between individuals who only used non\u2010stimulant therapy for ADHD relative to youth who initiated early stimulant therapy (\u22649\u2009years old) and for long duration (\u22656\u2009years).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An inverse relationship was found between years of stimulant therapy and illicit and prescription stimulant misuse. Adolescents with later initiation and\/or shorter duration of stimulant treatment for ADHD should be monitored for potential illicit and prescription stimulant misuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T22:24:41Z","timestamp":1681683881000},"page":"100-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Is age of onset and duration of stimulant therapy for ADHD associated with cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean Esteban","family":"McCabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences University of Michigan  Ann Arbor MI 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