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Parents and teachers reported on kindergarten conduct problems, administrative and national database records yielded indexes of criminal offending, and participants self\u2010reported their government and medical service use. Outcomes were assigned costs, and significant associations were adjusted for inflation to determine USD 2020 costs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 1\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      increase in kindergarten conduct problems was associated with a $21,934 increase in adolescent criminal + victim costs, a $63,998 increase in adult criminal\u2009+\u2009victim costs, a $12,753 increase in medical services costs, and a $146,279 increase in total costs. In the male sample, a 1\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      increase in kindergarten conduct problems was associated with a $28,530 increase in adolescent criminal + victim costs, a $58,872 increase in adult criminal\u2009+\u2009victim costs, and a $144,140 increase in total costs. In the female sample, a 1\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      increase in kindergarten conduct problems was associated with a $15,481 increase in adolescent criminal\u2009+\u2009victim costs, a $62,916 increase in adult criminal\u2009+\u2009victim costs, a $24,105 increase in medical services costs, and a $144,823 increase in total costs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This investigation provides evidence of the long\u2010term costs associated with early\u2010starting conduct problems, which is important information that can be used by policymakers to support research and programs investing in a strong start for children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T20:49:04Z","timestamp":1685566144000},"page":"328-339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Kindergarten conduct problems are associated with monetized outcomes in adolescence and adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0682-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Goulter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"},{"name":"Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon S.","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University  State College PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damon E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University  State College PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University  Burnaby BC Canada"},{"name":"BC Children's Hospital Research Institute  Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1956-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Lansford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Lochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama  Tuscaloosa AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University  Bloomington IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Pettit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University  Auburn AL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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