{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:24:45Z","timestamp":1792211085318,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence that autism often manifests differently between males and females is growing, particularly in terms of social interaction and communication, but it is unclear if there are sex differences in restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests (RRBIs) when rigorously focusing on the narrow construct level (i.e., stereotyped behaviour, restricted interests, insistence on sameness, and\/or sensory experiences).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and four random effects meta\u2010analyses investigating sex differences in narrow construct measures of RRBIs in autistic children, adolescents, and adults (Prospero registration ID: CRD42021254221). Study quality was appraised using the Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty\u2010six studies were narratively synthesised and 25 of these were included in four random effects meta\u2010analyses. Results found that autistic males had significantly higher levels of stereotyped behaviours (SMD\u2009=\u20090.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.09, 0.33],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and restricted interests (SMD\u2009=\u20090.18, 95% CI [0.07, 0.29],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) compared to autistic females. In contrast, there were no significant sex differences for sensory experiences (SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.09, 95% CI [\u22120.27, 0.09],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.32) and insistence on sameness (SMD\u2009=\u20090.01, 95% CI [\u22120.03, 0.05],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.68). The findings from the narrative synthesis were generally consistent with those from the meta\u2010analyses and also found qualitative sex differences in the way RRBIs manifest.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings show significant differences in narrowly defined RRBIs in males and females. Practitioners need to be aware of such differences, which could be contributing to the under\u2010recognition of autism in females and may not be captured by current diagnostic instruments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T22:58:46Z","timestamp":1690153126000},"page":"4-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Research Review: A systematic review and\n                    <scp>meta\u2010analysis<\/scp>\n                    of sex differences in narrow constructs of restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests in autistic children, adolescents, and adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8806-0814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorate in 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