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Grounded in developmental transactional models, interventions for young children at risk for anxiety by virtue of behaviorally inhibited temperament often target parenting and child factors implicated in the early emergence and maintenance of anxiety. In particular, overcontrolling parenting moderates risk for anxiety among highly inhibited children, just as child inhibition has been shown to elicit overcontrolling parenting. Although longitudinal research has elucidated the temporal unfolding of factors that interact to place inhibited children at risk for anxiety, reciprocal transactions between these child and parent factors in the context of early interventions remain unknown.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study addresses these gaps by examining mechanisms of change and treatment directionality (i.e., parent\u2010to\u2010child vs. child\u2010to\u2010parent influences) within a randomized controlled trial comparing two interventions for inhibited preschoolers (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009151): the multicomponent Turtle Program (\u2018Turtle\u2019) and the parent\u2010only Cool Little Kids program (\u2018CLK\u2019). Reciprocal relations between parent\u2010reported child anxiety, observed parenting, and parent\u2010reported accommodation of child anxiety were examined across four timepoints: pre\u2010, mid\u2010, and post\u2010treatment, and one\u2010year follow\u2010up (NCT02308826).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hypotheses were tested via latent curve models with structured residuals (LCM\u2010SR) and latent change score (LCS) models. LCM\u2010SR results were consistent with the child\u2010to\u2010parent influences found in previous research on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for older anxious youth, but only emerged in Turtle. LCS analyses revealed bidirectional effects of\n                      <jats:italic>changes<\/jats:italic>\n                      in parent accommodation and child anxiety during and after intervention, but only in Turtle.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings coincide with developmental transactional models, suggesting that the development of child anxiety may result from child\u2010to\u2010parent influences rather than the reverse, and highlight the importance of targeting parent\n                      <jats:italic>and<\/jats:italic>\n                      child factors simultaneously in early interventions for young, inhibited children.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:18Z","timestamp":1693353618000},"page":"1665-1678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Testing reciprocal associations between child anxiety and parenting across early interventions for inhibited preschoolers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Danielle R.","family":"Novick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland, College Park  College Park MD USA"},{"name":"Yale School of Medicine Yale Child Study Center  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian T.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development &amp; Quantitative Methodology University of Maryland, College Park  College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences Boston University  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development &amp; Quantitative Methodology University of Maryland, College Park  College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Danko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland, College Park  College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea R.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland, College Park  College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay R.","family":"Druskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development &amp; 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