{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:13:51Z","timestamp":1787062431867,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101039672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101039672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018703","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101057390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018703","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101057529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018703","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["848158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["848158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"NIH Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH124776\u201001A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH124776\u201001A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A large body of work has reported a link between prenatal exposure to infection and increased psychiatric risk in offspring. However, studies to date have focused primarily on exposure to severe prenatal infections and\/or individual psychiatric diagnoses in clinical samples, typically measured at single time points, and without accounting for important genetic and environmental confounders. In this study, we investigated whether exposure to common infections during pregnancy is prospectively associated with repeatedly assessed child psychiatric symptoms in a large population\u2010based study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study was embedded in a prospective pregnancy cohort (Generation R;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093,598 mother\u2013child dyads). We constructed a comprehensive prenatal infection score comprising common infections for each trimester of pregnancy. Child total, internalizing, and externalizing problems were assessed repeatedly using the parent\u2010rated Child Behavioral Checklist (average age: 1.5, 3, 6, 10, and 14\u2009years). Linear mixed\u2010effects models were run adjusting for a range of confounders, including child polygenic scores for psychopathology, maternal chronic illness, birth complications, and infections during childhood. We also investigated trimester\u2010specific effects and child sex as a potential moderator.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prenatal exposure to infections was associated with higher child total, internalizing, and externalizing problems, showing temporally persistent effects, even after adjusting for important genetic and environmental confounders. We found no evidence that prenatal infections were associated with changes in child psychiatric symptoms over time. Moreover, in our trimester\u2010specific analysis, we did not find evidence of significant timing effects of prenatal infection on child psychiatric symptoms. No interactions with child sex were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research adds to evidence that common prenatal infections may be a risk factor for psychiatric symptoms in children. We also extend previous findings by showing that these associations are present early on, and that rather than changing over time, they persist into adolescence. However, unmeasured confounding may still explain in part these associations. In the future, employing more advanced causal inference designs will be crucial to establishing the degree to which these effects are causal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T05:09:01Z","timestamp":1703912941000},"page":"874-886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exposure to prenatal infection and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems in children: a longitudinal population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Suleri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Sophie","family":"Rommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6653-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mannan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Generation R Study Group Erasmus MC University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Hillegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry\/Psychology Erasmus MC University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotje","family":"de Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Bergink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Erasmus MC University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2389-5922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte A. 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