{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:10:52Z","timestamp":1787015452945,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08 DA055935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08 DA055935"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 DA058314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DA058314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AA030197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AA030197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Why do potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and substance use (SU) so commonly co\u2010occur during adolescence? Causal hypotheses developed from the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) among adults have not yet been subject to rigorous theoretical analysis or empirical tests among adolescents with the precursors to these disorders: PTEs and SU. Establishing causality demands accounting for various factors (e.g. genetics, parent education, race\/ethnicity) that distinguish youth endorsing PTEs and SU from those who do not, a step often overlooked in previous research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We leveraged nationwide data from a sociodemographically diverse sample of youth (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911,468) in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. PTEs and substance use prevalence were assessed annually. To account for the many pre\u2010existing differences between youth with and without PTE\/SU (i.e. confounding bias) and provide rigorous tests of causal hypotheses, we linked within\u2010person changes in PTEs and SU (alcohol, cannabis, nicotine) across repeated measurements and adjusted for time\u2010varying factors (e.g. age, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and friends' use of substances).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Before adjusting for confounding using within\u2010person modeling, PTEs and SU exhibited significant concurrent associations (\u03b2s\u2009=\u2009.46\u20131.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and PTEs prospectively predicted greater SU (\u03b2s\u2009=\u2009.55\u20131.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) but not vice versa. After adjustment for confounding, the PTEs exhibited significant concurrent associations for alcohol (\u03b2s\u2009=\u2009.14\u2013.23,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and nicotine\u00a0(\u03b2s\u2009=\u2009.16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009&lt;\u2009.05) but not cannabis (\u03b2s\u2009=\u2009\u2010.01,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009&gt;\u2009.05) and PTEs prospectively predicted greater SU (\u03b2s\u2009=\u2009.28\u2013.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      s\u2009&gt;\u2009.05) but not vice versa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When tested rigorously in a nationwide sample of adolescents, we find support for a model in which PTEs are followed by SU but not for a model in which SU is followed by PTEs. Explanations for why PTSD and SUD co\u2010occur in adults may need further theoretical analysis and adaptation before extension to adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T05:15:15Z","timestamp":1713158115000},"page":"1388-1397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Do traumatic events and substance use co\u2010occur during adolescence? 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Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"},{"name":"National Center for PTSD  White River Junction VT USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"William E.","family":"Pelham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego  La Jolla CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA School\u2010age Forms & Profiles","author":"Achenbach T.M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles","author":"Achenbach 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