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Participants were followed from age 6 to 37\u2009years. Measures included parents' and teachers' ratings of behavioral problems at age 6\u2009years as well as participants' (ages 30\u201335\u2009years) and their parents' (when participants were aged 10\u201319\u2009years) income data obtained from tax return records. Regression models were used to predict upward and downward mobility (i.e., increased or decreased income status from one generation to the next) from attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity problems, conduct\/opposition problems, depression\/anxiety problems, prosociality, and the quality of children's relationship with their caregiver. Two\u2010way interaction effects between behavioral problems and child sex were examined and indirect effect models including high school graduation as a mediator of these associations were conducted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite their higher educational attainment, females had lower incomes and experienced lower upward (but higher downward) income mobility than males. For both females and males, higher levels of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity and conduct\/opposition problems were associated with decreased odds of upward mobility, whereas higher levels of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity were associated with increased odds of downward mobility. Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity problems, conduct\/opposition problems as well as low prosociality were associated with lower educational attainment (no high school diploma), which in turn was associated with increased odds of downward mobility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results highlight the importance of providing intensive support to children with early behavioral problems as a means of improving educational attainment and intergenerational income mobility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T02:18:49Z","timestamp":1714011529000},"page":"1554-1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Childhood behavior problems and adverse economic outcomes: a\n                    <scp>30\u2010year population\u2010based<\/scp>\n                    study of intergenerational income mobility"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4949-6935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"B\u00e9gin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychoeducation University of Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke QC Canada"},{"name":"Group for Research and Intervention on Children's Social Adjustment  Sherbrooke QC Canada"},{"name":"Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2277-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Vergunst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Special Needs Education University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Sainte\u2010Justine University Hospital Research Center  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of Montreal  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Haeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Research Group on Human Capital  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Economics Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vitaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Sainte\u2010Justine University Hospital Research Center  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"School of Psychoeducation University of Montreal  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard 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