{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T07:59:39Z","timestamp":1784361579605,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50HD093074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD093074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autism commonly co\u2010occurs with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but less is known regarding how ADHD symptoms impact the early presentation of autism. This study examined early behavioral characteristics of a community sample of toddlers later identified with autism diagnosis, ADHD symptoms, combined autism and ADHD symptoms, or neither condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were 506 toddlers who were part of a longitudinal study of children's behavioral development. Parents completed questionnaires about their children's behavior at two time points. Four groups were identified based on study measures or medical record: autism diagnosis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945), elevated ADHD symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200970), autism and ADHD symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930), or neurotypical development (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009361). Relationships between early parent report of autism\u2010 and ADHD\u2010related behaviors, social\u2013emotional and behavioral functioning, and caregiver experience and subsequent group designation were evaluated with adjusted linear regression models controlling for sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant group differences were found in measures of autism\u2010related behaviors, ADHD\u2010related behaviors, externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and parent support needs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Pairwise comparisons indicated toddlers later identified with combined autism diagnosis and ADHD symptoms had higher levels of autism\u2010related behaviors, externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and autism\u2010related parent support needs compared to the other groups. Toddlers with subsequent elevated ADHD symptoms or combined autism diagnosis and ADHD symptoms exhibited similar levels of ADHD\u2010related behaviors, while both groups displayed more ADHD\u2010related behaviors than toddlers subsequently identified with autism or those with neither condition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this community sample, toddlers for whom\u00a0combined autism diagnosis and ADHD symptoms were subsequently identified showed a distinct presentation\u00a0characterized by higher early autism\u2010related behaviors, broader behavioral concerns, and higher\u00a0parent support needs. Presence of ADHD symptoms (alone or in combination with autism) was associated with higher parent\u2010reported ADHD\u2010related behaviors during toddlerhood. Results indicate that ADHD\u2010related behaviors are manifest by toddlerhood, supporting screening for both autism and ADHD during early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T19:34:20Z","timestamp":1725392060000},"page":"214-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Behavioral characteristics of toddlers later identified with an autism diagnosis, ADHD symptoms, or combined autism and ADHD symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Naomi O.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke ADHD Program Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginald","family":"Lerebours","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly L.H.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University School of Medicine  Durham NC 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