{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T20:02:20Z","timestamp":1762200140131,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["729300013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["729300013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Economic evaluations of treatments for children with behavioural difficulties (i.e., characteristics of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and\/or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)) usually rely on data of randomised controlled trials or are model\u2010based. Findings of such studies may not be representative of cost\u2010effectiveness and cost\u2010utility in clinical practice. The current longitudinal study aimed to perform an economic evaluation of treatments for children with hyperactivity, impulsive behaviours, inattention, and\/or behavioural difficulties using observational data that were obtained in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Parents of 209 children (aged 5\u201312) who were referred to 1 of 10 Dutch youth mental healthcare institutions and who received treatment with (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009108) or without (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009101) the use of medication, filled out questionnaires at three timepoints (baseline, and ~\u20096 and ~12\u2009months later). Propensity score matching was used to make both groups comparable. Outcomes included quality\u2010adjusted life years (QALYs), ADHD and ODD symptom severity, and impairment. Costs were measured from a societal perspective. Incremental cost\u2010effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated, and cost\u2010effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs) were derived to show uncertainty around the ICER.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results did not show statistically significant differences in costs and effects between children who were treated with medication (alone or in combination with non\u2010medication treatment) and those who were treated without medication. CEAC suggested that medication treatment has a 55% probability of being cost\u2010effective at the \u20ac80,000 threshold and 36% at the \u20ac20,000 threshold compared with treatment without medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using observational data, our study did not provide clear evidence of the cost\u2010effectiveness and cost\u2010utility of treatment with medication compared with treatment without medication in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T03:05:35Z","timestamp":1727665535000},"page":"289-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatments with versus without medication for children with behavioural difficulties in clinical practice: an economic evaluation with observational data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9512-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin K.","family":"Kiernan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Accare Child Study Center  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Economics, Econometrics, and Finance University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermien H.","family":"Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Accare Child Study Center  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Economics, Econometrics, and Finance University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"van den Hoofdakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Accare Child Study Center  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Accare Child Study Center  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8394-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabeth P.","family":"Groenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Accare Child Study Center  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Institute Child Development and Education (RICDE) University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05144"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280220932189"},{"unstructured":"Bouwmans C.A.M. 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