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However, other work suggests that some aggression (e.g., relational, proactive) may rely on intact cognitive function, which could vary based on the presence of CU traits. Moreover, no prior research has adequately accounted for common risk factors shared by CU traits, cognitive difficulties, and externalizing problems, which confounds conclusions that can be drawn about their purported relationships. The current study addressed these knowledge gaps by leveraging rigorous propensity matching methods to isolate associations between CU traits and different dimensions of cognitive function and externalizing problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Associations between CU traits, cognitive functioning, and externalizing outcomes were tested within dimensional (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911,868) and propensity\u2010matched group\u2010based (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,224) models using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study\u00ae, with rigorous statistical control for shared sociodemographic risk factors. Cross\u2010sectional outcomes were parent\u2010reported symptoms of conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Longitudinal outcomes were child\u2010reported overt and relational aggression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CU traits were uniquely related to more parent\u2010reported CD, ODD, ADHD symptoms, as well as more child\u2010reported aggressive behaviors. Effects of cognitive difficulties were domain specific and were not consistent across dimensional and propensity matched models. There was minimal evidence for divergent associations between CU traits and externalizing outcomes as a function of cognition (i.e., no moderation).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rigorous control for sociodemographic factors within propensity\u2010matched models establish CU traits as a robust and unique risk factor for externalizing psychopathology, over and above difficulties with cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T22:20:36Z","timestamp":1730758836000},"page":"333-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Callous\u2010unemotional traits, cognitive functioning, and externalizing problems in a propensity\u2010matched sample from the ABCD study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Kristin","family":"Murtha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Perlstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1265-5923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yael","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Seidlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Lifespan Brain Institute The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Raine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Criminology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7173-1749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Hawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Florida International University  Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7930-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5069-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.21.8.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0041-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712609X418480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burghart M. 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