{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:27:49Z","timestamp":1787941669123,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]],"date-time":"2024-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226697\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226697\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social connection factors play a key role for young people's mental health. It is important to understand how their influence may vary across contexts. We investigated structural (e.g. household size), functional (e.g. social support) and quality (e.g. feeling close) social connection factors in relation to adolescent internalising and externalising symptoms, comparing two countries Brazil and the United Kingdom (UK).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We pooled data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) and the Brazilian High Risk Cohort Study (BHRCS). We included 12 social connection variables, identified through retrospective harmonisation and lived experience expert involvement. We tested measurement invariance and conducted multiple regressions to analyse associations between the social connection factors (age 14) and later internalising and externalising difficulties (age 17.5) in both cohorts. We investigated country\u2010level interactions and used weights to account for attrition, survey design, population representativeness and sample size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found pooled main associations with later internalising symptoms for \u2018living with half\u2010siblings\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), \u2018moving address\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.001), \u2018mother marital status\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001\u2013.003), \u2018bullying\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.001), \u2018being bullied\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and \u2018difficulties keeping friends\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). For externalising, we found main associations with \u2018household size\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009.041), \u2018moving address\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.041), \u2018mother's marital status\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.001\u2013.013), \u2018bullying others\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and \u2018being bullied\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Country\u2010level interactions suggested higher internalising symptoms were associated with \u2018household size\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.001) in Brazil and \u2018being bullied\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) in MCS. Additionally, \u2018half\u2010siblings in household\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.003), \u2018poor mother\u2013child relationship\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.018), \u2018single mother\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.035), \u2018bullying\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and \u2018being bullied\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) were more strongly linked to externalising difficulties in MCS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social connection factors, mostly structural, contributed to adolescent internalising and externalising difficulties in both countries. Factors relating to bullying and family composition seem to play a stronger role in each country. Cultural and socioeconomic factors might explain these differences. Future research should investigate cross\u2010regional differences to meaningfully inform global mental health efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]],"date-time":"2024-12-07T05:26:19Z","timestamp":1733549179000},"page":"725-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Social connection and its prospective association with adolescent internalising and externalising symptoms: an exploratory cross\u2010country study using retrospective harmonisation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1838-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Moltrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Longitudinal Studies University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Villanova do Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"Mental Health Epidemiology Group (MHEG) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria  Santa Maria RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Abrah\u00e3o","family":"Salum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"Child Mind Institute  New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euripedes Constantino","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Augusto","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT\u2010CNPq)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8198-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George B.","family":"Ploubidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Longitudinal Studies University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5466-8522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eoin","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Ulster University  Coleraine UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4232-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio Scopel","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  Porto Alegre Brazil"},{"name":"Mental Health Epidemiology Group (MHEG) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria  Santa Maria RS Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)  Santa Maria Brazil"},{"name":"Care Policy and Evaluation Centre London School of Economics and Political Science  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-220259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414533834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15195\/v6.a11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550620912881"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X19000345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/ajgc.21.2.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazel M. 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