{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:52:57Z","timestamp":1789170777482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["274611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["274611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["336085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["336085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2922083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2922083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurodevelopmental conditions are highly heritable. Recent studies have shown that genomic heritability estimates can be confounded by genetic effects mediated via the environment (indirect genetic effects). However, the relative importance of direct versus indirect genetic effects on early variability in traits related to neurodevelopmental conditions is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample included up to 24,692 parent\u2010offspring trios from the Norwegian MoBa cohort. We use Trio\u2010GCTA to estimate latent direct and indirect genetic effects on mother\u2010reported neurodevelopmental traits at age of 3\u2009years (restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests, inattention, hyperactivity, language, social, and motor development). Further, we investigate to what extent direct and indirect effects are attributable to common genetic variants associated with autism, ADHD, developmental dyslexia, educational attainment, and cognitive ability using polygenic scores (PGS) in regression modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We find evidence for contributions of direct and indirect latent common genetic effects to inattention (direct: explaining 4.8% of variance, indirect: 6.7%) hyperactivity (direct: 1.3%, indirect: 9.6%), and restricted and repetitive behaviors (direct: 0.8%, indirect: 7.3%). Direct effects best explained variation in social and communication, language, and motor development (5.1%\u20135.7%). Direct genetic effects on inattention were captured by PGS for ADHD, educational attainment, and cognitive ability, whereas direct genetic effects on language development were captured by cognitive ability, educational attainment, and autism PGS. Indirect genetic effects on neurodevelopmental traits were primarily captured by educational attainment and\/or cognitive ability PGS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results were consistent with differential contributions to neurodevelopmental traits in early childhood from direct and indirect genetic effects. Indirect effects were particularly important for hyperactivity and restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests and may be linked to genetic variation associated with cognition and educational attainment. Our findings illustrate the importance of within\u2010family methods for disentangling genetic processes that influence early neurodevelopmental traits, even when identifiable associations are small.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T07:10:13Z","timestamp":1738221013000},"page":"1053-1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Direct and indirect genetic effects on early neurodevelopmental traits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7398-3760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Hegemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Research Department Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"PsychGen Center for Genetic Epidemiology and 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Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0119-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Corfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"PsychGen Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6543-0402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Cheesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6349-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Frach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludvig","family":"Daae Bj\u00f8rndal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0149-5319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helga","family":"Ask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychGen Center for Genetic 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